Journal of Robotics

Research Article

Stroke Rehabilitation in Frail Elderly with the Robotic Training Device ACRE: A Randomized Controlled Trial and Cost-Effectiveness Study

Table 4

Means at baseline (T0) and posttest (T1) and change scores (T1-T0) for Motor function (ARAT/Fugl Meyer), Stroke Impact Scale, Quality of Life (EQ-5D), and Geriatric Depression Scale; results of independent t-test (change score was used as dependent variable) and the differences between the groups on the change scores.
VariableMean (SD)1Change score (SD)1Difference between groups2 [95% CI]
Acre group ( 𝑛 = 1 0 )Control group ( 𝑛 = 1 4 )Acre group ( 𝑛 = 1 0 )Control group ( 𝑛 = 1 4 )
T0T1T0T1
ARAT-19 3 1 . 2 ( 2 7 . 0 ) 2 7 . 3 ( 2 4 . 9 ) 1 5 . 9 ( 1 4 . 6 ) 2 4 . 4 ( 2 0 . 7 ) − 4 . 0 ( 1 3 . 5 ) 8 . 4 ( 1 3 . 9 ) − 1 2 . 4 [ − 2 5 . 5 , 0 . 8 ]
ARAT-15 2 5 . 3 ( 2 1 . 6 ) 2 4 . 8 ( 2 0 . 1 ) 1 4 . 9 ( 1 3 . 3 ) 2 2 . 8 ( 1 7 . 6 ) − 0 . 5 ( 8 . 4 ) 7 . 8 ( 9 . 8 ) − 8 . 3 [ − 1 7 . 6 , 1 . 1 ]
Fugl-Meyer total score 4 0 . 7 ( 2 1 . 4 ) 3 6 . 8 ( 1 9 . 7 ) 3 7 . 2 ( 1 9 . 4 ) 3 9 . 1 ( 1 5 . 5 ) − 3 . 9 ( 1 3 . 1 ) 1 . 9 ( 1 8 . 1 ) − 5 . 8 [ − 2 0 . 3 , 8 . 6 ]
Stroke impact Scale strength 1 0 . 8 ( 3 . 4 ) 1 2 . 4 ( 1 . 8 ) 1 1 . 4 ( 2 . 9 ) 1 3 . 1 ( 3 . 0 ) 1 . 6 ( 3 . 9 ) 1 . 7 ( 2 . 9 ) − 0 . 1 [ − 3 . 1 , 2 . 9 ]
Stroke Impact Scale Memory/thinking 2 9 . 9 ( 6 . 4 ) 3 0 . 4 ( 3 . 2 ) 2 8 . 7 ( 3 . 4 ) 3 0 . 5 ( 2 . 7 ) 0 . 4 ( 6 . 7 ) 1 . 7 ( 3 . 7 ) − 1 . 3 [ − 5 . 9 , 3 . 4 ]
Stroke impact Scale emotion 3 6 . 8 ( 5 . 6 ) 3 5 . 4 ( 3 . 9 ) 3 5 . 5 ( 5 . 8 ) 3 5 . 9 ( 5 . 4 ) − 1 . 5 ( 6 . 0 ) 0 . 4 ( 6 . 2 ) − 1 . 9 [ − 7 . 3 , 3 . 5 ]
Stroke Impact Scale Communication 3 2 . 7 ( 4 . 3 ) 3 2 . 5 ( 4 . 2 ) 3 1 . 2 ( 4 . 4 ) 3 2 . 1 ( 3 . 9 ) − 0 . 2 ( 1 . 4 ) 0 . 9 ( 2 . 7 ) − 1 . 1 [ − 3 . 2 , 1 . 0 ]
Stroke Impact Scale daily activities 2 8 . 2 ( 7 . 1 ) 2 8 . 4 ( 7 . 5 ) 2 7 . 2 ( 8 . 1 ) 3 1 . 4 ( 8 . 5 ) 0 . 2 ( 6 . 5 ) 4 . 3 ( 7 . 9 ) − 4 . 1 [ − 1 1 . 8 , 3 . 6 ]
Stroke Impact Scale mobility 1 7 . 3 ( 3 . 9 ) 2 7 . 5 ( 9 . 6 ) 2 2 . 9 ( 9 . 9 ) 3 0 . 1 ( 1 0 . 0 ) 1 0 . 1 ( 7 . 1 ) 7 . 3 ( 7 . 5 ) 2 . 8 [ − 4 . 3 , 1 0 . 0 ]
Stroke Impact Scale hand function 8 . 1 ( 2 . 9 ) 7 . 9 ( 4 . 0 ) 7 . 4 ( 3 . 5 ) 9 . 4 ( 5 . 8 ) − 0 . 2 ( 5 . 0 ) 2 . 0 ( 3 . 8 ) − 2 . 2 [ − 6 . 1 , 1 . 8 ]
Stroke Impact Scale participation 3 2 . 4 ( 6 . 0 ) 2 7 . 3 ( 5 . 2 ) 2 8 . 7 ( 7 . 4 ) 3 0 . 8 ( 7 . 3 ) − 5 . 2 ( 8 . 7 ) 2 . 2 ( 1 1 . 7 ) − 7 . 3 [ − 1 6 . 6 , 2 . 0 ]
Stroke Impact Scale stroke recovery 4 8 . 2 ( 2 5 . 0 ) 5 0 . 7 ( 1 8 . 2 ) 4 3 . 9 ( 2 6 . 7 ) 5 8 . 0 ( 2 2 . 7 ) 2 . 5 ( 2 2 . 9 ) 1 4 . 1 ( 1 8 . 2 ) − 1 1 . 7 [ − 2 9 . 7 , 6 . 3 ]
EQ5-D-utilities 0 . 5 5 ( 0 . 2 6 ) 0 . 6 6 ( 0 . 1 6 ) 0 . 6 6 ( 0 . 2 0 ) 0 . 6 6 ( 0 . 2 5 ) 0 . 1 1 ( 0 . 3 2 ) 0 . 0 0 ( 0 . 3 0 ) 0 . 1 1 [ − 0 . 2 2 , 0 . 4 4 ]
General health status 6 0 . 8 ( 2 9 . 5 ) 5 7 . 5 ( 2 0 . 4 ) 6 1 . 6 ( 2 0 . 9 ) 5 3 . 5 ( 2 1 . 4 ) − 3 . 3 ( 2 7 . 5 ) − 8 . 1 ( 3 0 . 2 ) 4 . 8 [ − 2 6 . 5 , 3 6 . 2 ]
Geriatric Depression Scale Total score 3 . 5 ( 2 . 7 ) 4 . 7 ( 3 . 7 ) 3 . 4 ( 2 . 6 ) 5 . 1 ( 3 . 5 ) 1 . 2 ( 4 . 4 ) 1 . 7 ( 3 . 4 ) − 0 . 5 [ − 4 . 6 , 3 . 6 ]
1Mean values are given of the statistic computed for the 10 imputed datasets.
2Pooled results are given of independent t-test for the 10 imputed datasets; CI: Confidence Interval.
None of the differences between the groups were significant (two-sided 𝑃 < 0 . 0 5 ).