Adaptive Foot in Lower-Limb Prostheses

Table 1

Ranges of motions of human foot joints.

Motion	Human foot joint	Plane of movement	Range of motion
Dorsiflexion & plantarflexion	TC	Sagittal	N/A
	ST	Sagittal	−2.5° : 5°
Inversion & eversion	ST	Transverse	−10° : 20°
	MT - TN	Transverse	N/A
Abduction-adduction	ST	Frontal	−10° : 20°
Flexion & extension	MT-CC	Sagittal	N/A
	MTP (big toe)	Sagittal	(−) 80° : 40°
	MTP (toes 2–5)	Sagittal	(−) 60° : 40°
	Proximal IP (big toe)	Sagittal	0° : 90°
	Proximal IP (toes 2–5)	Sagittal	0° : 60°
	Distal IP	Sagittal	Hyper: 90°