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| Author | EUE (%) | Control strategy | Content | References |
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| Rub et al. | 94–100 | flyback dc-dc converter | Discusses parallel dc-dc converter based current compensated DMPPT for partially shaded series connection of PV modules. Current compensation schemes are either too complex or inaccurate. In this DMPPT scheme, current compensation has been simplified with accurate compensation to assure MPPT by special arrangement of shunt-connected flyback dc–dc converter. | [70] |
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| Gules et al. | >98 | neurofuzzy inference | Proposes neurofuzzy inference based artificial intelligent (AI) MPPT for PV generation in standalone operation. It incorporated quasi-Z-source (qZS) inverter to regulate duty ratio and the modulation index to ensure required voltage, current, and frequency. | [71] |
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| Elgendy et al. | >95 | PO, voltage perturbation, and direct duty ratio perturbation | Presents incremental conductance MPPT algorithm for standalone PV pumping system using 1080 Wp PV array connected to a 1 kW PM dc motor-centrifugal pump set. System has been investigated for fluctuating weather conditions using comparative study with PO algorithm. Results exhibited better stability for slow transient response and worse performance at rapidly changing irradiance, using direct duty ratio control. | [72] |
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| Elgendy et al. | 97–99 | Reference voltage and direct duty ratio perturbation based PO MPPT algorithms | Evaluates reference voltage and direct duty ratio perturbation based PO MPPT algorithms. Reference voltage perturbation provides better response to rapidly changing irradiance and temperature transients but exhibits poor stability. Direct duty ratio perturbation provides better stability and energy utilization at a slower transient response but poor performance for rapidly changing irradiance. Algorithms have been justified on the basis of system stability, performance characteristics, and energy utilization for standalone PV pumping systems (1080 Wp PV array connected to a 1 kW PM dc motor-centrifugal pump set) in variable weather conditions. | [73] |
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| Cristaldi et al. | 98–100 | PO, CVM, and MPPT | Proposes model based (MB) MPPT for single-series-diode model of PV module. This MPPT method has been found suitable and better alternative to traditional module integrated converter (MICs) topologies in terms of cost, robustness, and accuracy. Traditional PO or incremental conductance MPPT algorithms have low efficiency for rapidly changing weather conditions, whereas MB-MPPT offers better dynamic performance. This model can estimate solar radiation with adequate accuracy and does not need radiometer or dedicated cell, as required in conventional MB-MPPT techniques. | [74] |
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| Lian et al. | Approx. 99 | PO, PSO | Presents hybrid PO-PSO based MPPT for standalone PV generation. PO is cheap, robust, and good at exploration but not at exploitation; that is, it only tracks first local maximum point and stops progressing to next maximum. PSO works good to obtain global maximum point (GMP) but needs long time for convergence. Thus hybrid PO-PSO works as complement and provides optimized MPPT. | [75] |
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| Konstantopoulos and Koutroulis | Approx. 99 | HCPSO | Investigates hybrid chaotic-PSO (HCPSO) algorithm based global MPPT technique for flexible PV modules using effect of geometrical installation parameters like bending angle, tilt angle, orientation, and power-voltage characteristics. Application of proposed HCPSO algorithm minimizes power loss and maximizes energy production of the flexible PV module during global MPPT process. | [76] |
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| Al Nabulsi and Dhaouadi | 97–100 | Fuzzy logic, PO | Evaluates fuzzy logic and a dual MPPT controller based digital MPPT control scheme for standalone PV system. Duel MPPT controller consisted of an astronomical two-axis sun tracker to track maximum solar radiation, power converter to control power flow between the PV panel and the load. This proposed technique reduces steady state oscillations and enhances the operating point convergence speed. | [77] |
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| Alajmi et al. | 98–100 | Fuzzified hill climbing algorithm | Investigates fuzzy-logic based MPPT controller for PV systems under fluctuating weather conditions. Hill climbing MPPT has been improved by fuzzifying its rules. This provides less oscillations and fast convergence. | [78] |
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| Sundareswaran et al. | 99.2–99.8 | ABC | Proposes ABC algorithm based MPPT for partially shaded PV generation. ABC algorithm has been compared with other genetic algorithms (GA) and found ABC as superior solution. | [79] |
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| Zhang et al. | >95 | Duty cycle control | Investigates adaptive PO MPPT based on duty cycle modulation, to balance the tracking speed and oscillation requirements of resonant converters. Resonant converters, especially the LLC converter with soft switching, have high gain range and wide load and input voltage range for microinverter applications. | [80] |
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| Badawy et al. | 93.6–100 | Duty ratio, RBB converter | Presents converter topology based MPPT technique for standalone battery charging PV module. Battery charging system included reversed buck-boost (RBB) converter enabled parallel power processing topology. | [81] |
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| Balasubramanian et al. | >95.8 | Boost converter | Addresses boost converter based MPPT for partially shaded PV generation. Boost converter has been designed to operate with high efficiency at MPPT voltage of the array by assuming a single peak power point on the PV characteristics. | [82] |
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| Ghaffari et al. | 98–100 | Newton-based ES algorithm, dc-dc converter | Evaluates extremum seeking (ES) in dc-dc microconverter based MPPT for partially shaded standalone PV generation, where each PV module is coupled with its own dc/dc converter. PV generation dependents on variable parameter like irradiance and temperature, thus obtaining nonuniform transients in convergence to MPPT. This method uses Newton-based ES algorithm to estimate instantaneous irradiance and temperature variation for MPPT, thereby improving overall performance and reducing cost of power extraction. | [83] |
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| Olalla et al. | 90–98 | Sub-MIC | Discusses distributed MPPT (DMPPT) architecture for partially shaded PV module in terms of conversion efficiencies and power constraints. DMPPT solutions based on submodule integrated converters (sub-MIC) offer 6.9–11.1% improvement in annual energy yield compared to baseline centralized MPPT scenario. Sub-MIC architecture eliminates insertion loss and provides higher granularity to DMPPT to track more power. | [84] |
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| Singh et al. | >97 | ILST, VSC | Investigates voltage source converter (VSC) based MPPT for PV distributed generation. A linear sinusoidal tracer (ILST) based control algorithm has been used for control of VSC and a variable dc link voltage is used for MPPT. This improved overall power quality and VSC utilization. | [85] |
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| Raj and Jeyakumar | 99.76–100 | Power triangle | Evaluates power triangle based low cost MPPT in standalone operation of PV generation. A background online sweeping technique has been used in power region of I-V characteristic without disturbing actual PV module. This method offers robust control, with almost no divergence, upon change in irradiation and has no oscillations at steady state. | [86] |
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| Boztepe et al. | 97–99.33 | GVS, POT, and VW | Presents global voltage step (GVS), power operating triangle (POT), and voltage window (VW) based global MPPT (GMPPT) algorithm for string PV system with shaded cells. Such GMPPT algorithms need to scan wide voltage ranges of PV array (nearly zero to open circuit voltage), which needs more scanning time and, in turn, more energy loss. Proposed GMPPT algorithm needs narrow VW search space and thus lower scanning time. | [87] |
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