Decentralized Autonomous Hybrid Renewable Power Generation

Table 5

Storage technology ratings.

Technology	Power		Volume energy density (kWh/m^3)	Efficiency; (%)	Time		Self-discharge/day (%)	Lifetime
	Rating; (MW)	Density; (kW/m^3)			Discharge	Response		80% DoD (cycles)	Years
PSA	100–1000	0.1–0.2	0.2–2	70–85	1–24 h+	min	Negligible	15000–50000	50+
CAS	5–1000	0.2–0.6	2–6	41–79	1–24 h+	min	Small	9000–30000	25+
MA	0.001–0.01		20–30	40–50				100–300
FB	0.01–100		20–30	72–85	min–10 h+	<s	0.1–0.8	2000–14000
NaS	0.05–10	120–160	15–300	70–90	s–h+	<s	0.5–20	2100–4500	10–15
LA	0.001–20	90–700	20–80	72–90	min–h+	<s	0.1–0.5	200–1500	3–15
NiCd	0.001–40	75–700	15–80	60–80	s–h+	<s	0.2–0.6	1000–4000	5–20
LI	0.001–1.1	1300–10000	200–450	65–98	min–h+	<s	0.1–0.3	600–7000	5–100
FES	0.001–0.25	5000	10–80	80–97	s–h+	<s	50–100	1000–60000	15–25
FC	0.001–50	0.2–20	600	30–60	s–24 h+	s–min+	Negligible	250–2000	10–30
ZnBr	0.05–2	1–25	65	65–75	s–10 h+	<s	Small	1000–4000	5–10
AVR	0.001–5	0.5–2	20–70	60–75	s–10 h+	s	Small	>8000	5–20
SC	0.005–0.5	40000–120000	10–30	85–99	ms–h+	<s	20–40	1000–100000	4–12
SMES	0.1–10	2600	6	75–90	ms–s+	<s	10–15	500–10000