Meteorological Drivers of European Power System Stress

Figure 5

Mean peak load for various fractions of installed renewable generation, for 1979–2018, for (a) France, (b) the United Kingdom, and (c) Spain. Solid lines show the 1979–2018 mean peak load, whereas dotted lines show 2 standard deviations from the mean peak load. Line colours show demand-net-solar (yellow), demand-net-wind (blue), and demand-net-wind-and-solar (black).

(a)

(b)

(c)