Journal of Sensors

Research Article

Differentiation of Eight Commercial Mushrooms by Electronic Nose and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry

Table 1

Volatile profile of eight commercial mushroom species expressed in normalized chromatographic peak area.


No.^a	Compounds	RI^b		P. Abalones^d	A. aegirit	H. erinaceus	G. frondosa	C. comatus	A. edulis	L. edodes	P. eryngii	Odour description^e	ID^f

	Alcohols
1	3-Octanol	1381	1388	11.617	nd^g	nd	nd	nd	nd	0.092	nd	moss, nut, mushroom	BC
2	2-Octanol	1403	1332	0.241	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	mushroom, fat	BC
3	1-Octen-3-ol	1436	1458	7.093	1.106	9.436	0.83	1.106	2.957	14.764	10.021	mushroom	BC
4	1-Octanol	1531	1553	nd	nd	nd	nd	0.483	nd	nd	nd	chemical, metal, burnt	BC
5	2-Undecanol	1702	1719	1.357	0.651	nd	nd	0.936	0.247	nd	0.364	mandarin	BC
6	Nerolidol	2021	2009	0.502	0.727	2.462	1.043	nd	1.892	0.241	0.628	wood, flower, wax	ABC
7	(6E)-3,7,11-Trimethyl-1,6,10-dodecatrien-3-ol	2006	—	nd	nd	nd	nd	1.548	nd	nd	nd	—	BC
8	Spathulenol	2111	2129	nd	nd	nd	0.262	nd	nd	nd	nd	herb, fruit	ABC
9	Cedrenol	2134	2113	0.178	1.468	1.181	nd	nd	nd	0.341	1.804	fruit	ABC
10	α-Cadinol	2218	2191	nd	nd	nd	0.116	nd	nd	0.131	nd	herb, wood	ABC
11	β-Eudesmol	2222	2246	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	0.185	nd	—	ABC
	Ketones
12	3-Octanone	1244	1244	11.192	0.266	0.097	nd	0.163	0.153	0.315	0.469	herb, butter	ABC
13	2-Octanone	1279	1285	nd	0.398	nd	0.58	0.192	0.094	nd	0.687	soap, gasoline	ABC
14	1-Octen-3-one	1289	1313	0.477	6.64	nd	1.319	nd	nd	nd	nd	mushroom, metal	BC
15	2,3-Octanedione	1305	1328	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	2.743	milk	BC
16	2-Nonanone	1371	1388	nd	nd	nd	0.293	0.582	nd	nd	0.576	hot milk, soap, green	ABC
17	2-Decanone	1483	1494	0.822	0.186	0.232	0.396	nd	0.838	nd	0.707		BC
18	3-Nonen-2-one	1503	1493	0.418	0.609	nd	0.276	1.318	0.814	nd	0.276	pungent, mushroom	BC
19	2-Undecanone	1589	1543	3.327	2.458	1.916	0.326	2.185	1.29	0.074	0.848	orange, fresh, green	ABC
20	3-Decen-2-one	1610	1603	2.171	0.363	nd	0.152	0.533	1.882	nd	nd	—	BC
21	Geranyl acetone	1848	1840	1.221	3.605	nd	nd	3.827	nd	0.328	nd	magnolia, green	ABC
	Aldehydes
22	Isovaleraldehyde	913	650	0.225	1.549	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	1.204	—	ABC
23	3-Methylbutanal	961	910	nd	nd	0.457	nd	1.179	nd	nd	0.488	malt	ABC
24	Hexanal	1068	1084	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	5.68	grass, tallow, fat	ABC
25	Octanal	1283	1280	nd	0.384	1.405	0.458	1.293	0.294	nd	1.373	fat, soap, green	ABC
26	(E)-2-Heptenal	1316	1243	0.616	0.669	0.473	0.528	0.552	0.077	nd	nd	soap, fat, almond	ABC
27	Nonanal	1376	1385	nd	5.265	5.723	1.238	7.192	1.464	nd	3.328	fat, citrus, green	ABC
28	2-Octenal	1423	1437	3.534	2.054	2.369	1.186	2.053	2.305	nd	0.516	green	BC
29	Decanal	1487	1484	0.181	1.502	nd	nd	1.392	nd	nd	nd	soap, orange peel, tallow	ABC
30	(Z)-6-Nonenal	1529		2.679	4.219	3.642	nd	1.467	nd	nd	nd	—	BC
31	(E)-2-Decenal	1641	1611	1.409	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	tallow, orange	ABC
32	(2Z)-2-Butyl-2-octenal	1666	—	nd	2.108	0.56	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	—	BC
33	(2E,4E)-2,4-Nonadienal	1698	1695	0.67	0.573	0.952	nd	0.332	nd	nd	0.28	fat, wax, green	BC
34	2-Dodecenal	1738	1807	nd	nd	1.118	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	green, fat, sweet	BC
35	(2E,4E)-2,4-Decadienal	1810	1827	6.265	7.805	12.196	1.778	2.349	0.162	nd	1.193	fried, fat	ABC
36	5-Methyl-2-phenyl-2-hexenal	2076	2070	0.492	0.919	0.959	nd	0.383	nd	nd	nd	—	ABC
	Sulfocompounds
37	Dimethyl trisulfide	1372	1377	0.04	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	0.092	0.522	—	ABC
38	2,3,5-Trithiahexane	1653	1632	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	1.212	0.818	sulfur, fish, cabbage	BC
39	1,2,4-Trithiolane	1757	1816	1.203	0.416	2.11	nd	1.326	nd	22.417	0.199	—	BC
	Heterocyclic compound
40	Furan, 2-pentyl-	1203	1240	0.117	0.305	nd	nd	0.096	nd	nd	0.109	green bean, butter	ABC
41	2-Ethyl-3,6-dimethylpyrazine	1441	1449	0.113	nd	nd	nd	nd	0.164	nd	nd	potato, roast	ABC
42	1-Isoamyl-2-formyl pyrrole	1793	—	nd	nd	nd	1.12	nd	4.94	nd	nd	—	BC
43	1-(2-Methylbutyl)-2-formyl pyrrole	1794	—	nd	0.253	nd	0.633	nd	1.989	nd	nd	—	BC
44	2(3H)-Furanone, dihydro-5-pentyl-	2038	—	0.499	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	0.351	—	ABC
45	2-N-Propyl-5-(2-methylpropyl)thiophene	2133	—	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	1.67	nd	nd	—	BC
	Aromatic compounds		—
46	Benzaldehyde	1521	1495	0.822	2.601	1.182	1.692	2.681	7.989	nd	1.502	almond, sugar	ABC
47	Benzaldehyde, 4-methyl-	1621	1753	nd	0.122	nd	0.272	0.146	nd	0.05	1.058	sweet	ABC
48	1-Phenylethanone	1642	—	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	2.727	nd	nd	must, flower, almond	ABC
49	Phenyl acetaldehyde	1645	1659	1.273	9.358	0.529	1.973	2.317	nd	nd	0.971	—	ABC
50	Methyl N-hydroxy benzene carboxamide	1726	—	1.592	nd	3.399	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	—	BC
51	Benzeneacetic acid, methyl ester	1746	—	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	10.672	nd	nd	—	ABC
52	Benzenamine, 3-methyl-	1798	—	0.204	nd	0.278	nd	0.139	nd	nd	0.204	—	BC
53	Anethole	1825	1281	1.234	3.37	1.766	1.901	1.992	0.761	0.204	0.255	—	ABC
54	Naphthalene, 2-methyl-	1862	—	0.535	1.252	0.142	0.196	0.594	0.636	0.253	0.415	—	ABC
55	butylated hydroxytoluene	1901	1898	0.547	0.429	0.363	0.441	nd	0.46	0.373	1.02	—	ABC
56	2-Phenyl-2-butenal	1933	—	0.457	nd	0.111	nd	0.199	nd	nd	nd	—	ABC
57	N-Ethylpropionanilide	1938	—	nd	nd	nd	0.648	nd	1.3	nd	nd	—	BC
58	Benzothiazole	1967	1902	nd	0.242	0.375	0.608	nd	nd	0.246	1.666	gasoline, rubber	ABC
59	Ortho-Cresol	1988	2017	nd	0.249	nd	0.477	0.419	nd	nd	0.281	phenol	ABC
60	1,1′-Biphenyl	1996	—	0.514	0.994	0.374	nd	0.395	0.32	nd	0.152	—	BC
61	Naphthalene, 2,6-dimethyl-	2015	2038	0.489	1.485	nd	nd	0.814	0.12	nd	0.291	grass	ABC
62	1,1′-Biphenyl, 4-methyl-	2105	2117	0.157	0.193	nd	nd	0.124	nd	nd	nd	—	ABC
63	Biphenylene	2223	—	0.137	1.605	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	0.068	—	BC
64	1-Hydroxy-2,4-di-tert-butylbenzene	2270	—	nd	nd	nd	nd	1.509	nd	nd	nd	—	BC
65	2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol	2287	—	2.932	0.852	1.494	1.795	nd	0.87	0.508	1.918	—	BC
	Terpenes
66	α-Cubebene	1447	1463	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	0.023	0.083	herb, wax	ABC
67	β-Cubebene	1526	1546	nd	nd	nd	nd	0.333	nd	nd	nd	citrus, fruit	BC
68	γ-Muurolene	1591	1681	nd	nd	nd	0.144	nd	nd	nd	nd	herb, spice	BC
69	δ-Cadinene	1620	1749	nd	nd	nd	nd	0.416	nd	nd	nd	medicine, wood	BC
70	Cedran-8-ol	2092	—	nd	nd	nd	0.112	2.12	nd	nd	nd	—	BC
71	Cyperene	2114	—	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	0.975	nd	nd	—	ABC
72	α-Copaene	2182	1488	nd	nd	nd	0.906	0.452	nd	0.363	nd	wood, spice	ABC
73	Acenaphthylene	2205	—	nd	nd	nd	nd	0.291	0.633	nd	nd	—	ABC
	Alkenes
74	(3E)-3-Ethyl-2-methyl-1,3-hexadiene	1411	1415	0.316	0.376	0.427	0.126	0.25	0.128	nd	0.526	—	BC
75	1-Cyclooctene	1598	—	nd	0.47	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	—	BC
76	1-Decene	1935	2041	nd	nd	nd	nd	1.134	0.311	0.153	nd	alkane	BC
	Acid and esters
77	Octyl formate	1529	1481	nd	nd	1.79	0.898	nd	0.213	0.402	0.513	fruity, rose	ABC
78	Fumaric acid, butyl cis-non-3-enyl ester	1628	—	2.091	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	—	BC
79	Methyl cinnamate	2082	2056	0.782	0.605	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	strawberry	ABC
80	Nonanoic acid	2125	2202	nd	nd	nd	nd	0.155	nd	nd	nd	green, fat	ABC
81	n-Hexadecanoic acid	2173	1973	0.317	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	—	ABC
82	Diethyl phthalate	2353	2204	nd	nd	nd	0.054	2.228	nd	0.39	nd	—	ABC
83	Hexanedioic acid, bis(2-ethylhexyl) ester	2507	—	nd	nd	nd	0.802	nd	5.916	nd	nd	—	BC
	Others
84	DL-Menthol	1633	1626	nd	0.403	nd	0.464	0.178	nd	0.033	nd	peppermint	ABC
85	Azulene	1734	—	nd	nd	nd	nd	2.056	nd	nd	nd	—	BC
86	β-Dihydro-ionone	1819	—	nd	0.225	0.318	nd	1.506	nd	0.608	nd	—	BC
87	β-Ionone	1926	1912	0.178	nd	0.339	nd	2.271	nd	0.787	nd	flower, raspberry	ABC
88	Fluorene	2353	—	0.152	0.962	0.12	nd	0.364	0.193	0.069	0.06	—	ABC

No.: numbers of the compounds observed in GC-MS profiles.
The retention index as determined on HP-INNOWAX column (30 m × 0.25 mm × 0.25 mm) using homologous series of C8–C30 alkanes.
Relative retention index taken from http://www.flavornet.com/, and/or (Cho et al. 2008 [1]; Alasalvar et al. 2005 [10]; Pennazza et al. 2013 [11]; Andreani et al. 2012 [12]; Pino 2010 [13]; Grosshauser and Schieberle 2013 [14]; Chen et al. 2009 [15]; Chen and Wu 1984 [16]; Yang et al. 1998 [17]; Chevance and Farmer 1999 [18]; Sun et al. 2014 [19]).
Relative peak areas of volatile components in the eight mushrooms on HP-INNOWAX column, respectively.
Odour description from http://www.flavornet.com/.
Identification proposal is indicated by the following: A, by comparison of the retention time, mass spectrum, and retention index of authentic standard; B, identification by comparing EI mass spectrum with the mass spectral database Wiley and NIST 05; and C, by comparison of RI with those reported from literatures.
Not detected.