Individual Building Rooftop and Tree Crown Segmentation from High-Resolution Urban Aerial Optical Images

<table class="table-group" id="tab1"><tr><td><table class="table"><tr><td class="thead-hr" colspan="2"><hr/></td></tr><tr class="thead"><td class="align_left">  Tag </td><td class="align_center"> Value </td></tr><tr><td class="thead-hr" colspan="2"><hr/></td></tr><tr><td class="align_left"> Manufacturer </td><td class="align_center"> Leica </td></tr><tr><td class="align_left"> Model </td><td class="align_center"> ADS40 </td></tr><tr><td class="align_left"> DateandTime </td><td class="align_center"> 2008<svg height="5.63229pt" id="M5" style="vertical-align:-0.2063899pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -5.4259 3.07474 5.63229" width="3.07474pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M116 412C83 412 59 388 59 355C59 321 83 297 115 297S170 321 170 355C170 388 147 412 116 412ZM114 -12C147 -12 171 11 171 46C171 78 147 103 115 103C84 103 60 78 60 46C60 11 84 -12 114 -12Z" id="g113-59"></path><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="228" vert-adv-y="228"></glyph.data></g></svg>12<svg height="5.63229pt" id="M6" style="vertical-align:-0.2063899pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -5.4259 3.07474 5.63229" width="3.07474pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M116 412C83 412 59 388 59 355C59 321 83 297 115 297S170 321 170 355C170 388 147 412 116 412ZM114 -12C147 -12 171 11 171 46C171 78 147 103 115 103C84 103 60 78 60 46C60 11 84 -12 114 -12Z" id="g113-59"></path><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="228" vert-adv-y="228"></glyph.data></g></svg>11 3<svg height="5.63229pt" id="M7" style="vertical-align:-0.2063899pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -5.4259 3.07474 5.63229" width="3.07474pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M116 412C83 412 59 388 59 355C59 321 83 297 115 297S170 321 170 355C170 388 147 412 116 412ZM114 -12C147 -12 171 11 171 46C171 78 147 103 115 103C84 103 60 78 60 46C60 11 84 -12 114 -12Z" id="g113-59"></path><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="228" vert-adv-y="228"></glyph.data></g></svg>45<svg height="5.63229pt" id="M8" style="vertical-align:-0.2063899pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -5.4259 3.07474 5.63229" width="3.07474pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M116 412C83 412 59 388 59 355C59 321 83 297 115 297S170 321 170 355C170 388 147 412 116 412ZM114 -12C147 -12 171 11 171 46C171 78 147 103 115 103C84 103 60 78 60 46C60 11 84 -12 114 -12Z" id="g113-59"></path><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="228" vert-adv-y="228"></glyph.data></g></svg>32</td></tr><tr><td class="align_left"> ExposureTime </td><td class="align_center"><svg height="11.439pt" id="M9" style="vertical-align:-2.15067pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 30.5293 11.439" width="30.5293pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M384 0V27C293 34 287 42 287 114V635C232 613 172 594 109 583V559L157 557C201 555 205 550 205 499V114C205 42 199 34 109 27V0H384Z" id="g113-50"></path><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="480" vert-adv-y="480"></glyph.data></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,6.24,0)"><path d="M368 703H309L44 -163H104L368 703Z" id="g113-48"></path><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="412" vert-adv-y="412"></glyph.data></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,11.601,0)"><path d="M137 343C167 482 260 545 321 574C357 591 397 603 429 609L423 641C382 634 335 622 295 608C189 570 37 457 37 238C37 84 125 -12 242 -12C362 -12 447 89 447 209C447 311 374 393 267 393C247 393 226 386 204 376L137 343ZM227 337C318 337 361 256 361 173C361 105 336 22 258 22C176 22 126 120 126 240C126 266 127 291 132 310C155 323 189 337 227 337Z" id="g113-55"></path><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="480" vert-adv-y="480"></glyph.data></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,17.841,0)"><path d="M153 550H386L412 615L406 623H120L82 318C104 327 142 338 184 338C294 338 347 275 347 187C347 112 305 39 221 39C160 39 119 71 97 89C88 97 80 96 71 90C59 80 50 67 49 57C48 45 52 36 66 23C80 9 123 -12 169 -12C221 -11 288 15 342 59C403 109 431 165 431 225C431 308 366 395 238 395C212 395 165 379 127 364L153 550Z" id="g113-54"></path><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="480" vert-adv-y="480"></glyph.data></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,24.082,0)"><path d="M244 635C114 635 38 519 38 422C38 317 111 240 217 240C236 240 255 244 277 256L345 292C311 140 203 39 59 15L64 -15C89 -15 150 -5 204 17C339 72 440 202 440 386C440 521 368 635 244 635ZM228 602C326 602 352 479 352 390C352 370 351 347 348 324C327 308 293 296 258 296C174 296 124 369 124 458C124 517 152 602 228 602Z" id="g113-58"></path><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="480" vert-adv-y="480"></glyph.data></g></svg> seconds </td></tr><tr><td class="align_left">ComponentsConfiguration </td><td class="align_center"> 4.01 </td></tr><tr><td class="align_left"> MaxApertureValue </td><td class="align_center"> 2.0 </td></tr><tr><td class="align_left"> FocalLength </td><td class="align_center"> 20.1 mm </td></tr><tr><td class="align_left"> ColorSpace </td><td class="align_center"> sRGB </td></tr><tr><td class="align_left"> PixelXDimension </td><td class="align_center"> 6250 </td></tr><tr><td class="align_left"> PixelYDimension</td><td class="align_center"> 6250 </td></tr><tr class="table-tr"><td colspan="2"><hr class="tbody-hr"/></td></tr></table></td></tr></table>

Main EXIF information of experimental images.

Journal of Sensors

tab1

Table 1

Table 1: Individual Building Rooftop and Tree Crown Segmentation from High-Resolution Urban Aerial Optical Images 