Abstract
Passenger flow risk forecasting is a vital task for safety management in high-speed railway transport hub. In this paper, we considered the passenger flow risk forecasting problem in high-speed railway transport hub. Based on the surveillance sensor networks, a passenger flow risk forecasting algorithm was developed based on spatial correlation. Computational results showed that the proposed forecasting approach was effective and significant for the high-speed railway transport hub.
1. Introduction
In the 12th Five-Year Plan (2011–2015) period, high-speed railway in China had a fast development. As of December 31, 2015, the high-speed railway lines amounting to a total length of 19000 km were operated in mainland China, and most cities with more than 50 million populations were covered by the high-speed railway transport networks. With the fast development of high-speed railway, high-speed railway transport hub has become a vital node of passenger transport networks and several transport modes, that is, civil aviation, highway, urban rail transit, and public transport transferred in high-speed railway transport hub. Massive passenger flow collecting and distributing brings several potential risks to the safety management of high-speed railway transport hub.
At present, most of high-speed railway transport hubs have emergency plans for different risks, especially passenger flow risk. When risk values meet the threshold, these plans are activated immediately. But current approach only passively responded for emergency and lacks actively detection and forecasting of risks. With wide application of intelligent video surveillance in high-speed railway transport hubs, a comprehensive surveillance sensor networks is gradually formed, which provides powerful supports for risk detecting and forecasting. Based on real-time passenger flow status obtained by surveillance sensor networks, passenger flow risk forecasting can effectively prevent risks, reduce risks value, and decrease the negative effects caused by risks. So it is necessary for high-speed railway transport hubs to study on passenger flow risk forecasting approach based on surveillance sensor networks.
The rest of this paper is organized as follows: Section 2 reviews the relevant literature. The passenger flow risk forecasting frame is introduced in Section 3, and Section 4 proposes a passenger flow risk forecasting algorithm based on spatial correlation. Computational experiments are conducted in Section 5 and finally Section 6 covers the conclusion.
2. Literature Review
Currently, video surveillance is the key approach to detect the potential risks in transport hubs. Several passenger image processing and intelligent detecting algorithms were developed for rapid and accurate detection of passenger flow status [1–8]. A real-time system for detecting and tracking multiple people when they appear in a group was proposed. Several computational models, that is, a silhouette-based shape model, a motion model, and correlation-based matching methods were employed to track multiple people before, during, and after occlusion [1]. For automatically tracking pedestrian, a pedestrian tracking system was proposed, consisting of three subsystems, which calculates the image processing, object tracking, and traffic flow variables. The first subsystem performs image processing analysis while the second subsystem carries out the tracking of pedestrians by matching the features and tracing the pedestrian numbers frame by frame [2]. In order to accurately and promptly detect potential safety hazard, a modified background model based on Dempster-Shafer theory and a passenger flow status recognition algorithm based on features of image connected domain were proposed to improve the accuracy and real-time performance of passenger flow detection [3]. To improve detection accuracy in terms of feature extraction, a novel feature of gradient self-similarity (GSS) was present, which was computed from HOG and was applied to capture the patterns of pairwise similarities of local gradient patches [4]. For the challenging of abrupt illumination, occlusions, out of field of view, and cluttered backgrounds, a novel tracking framework was developed, which consists of two steps: image shadow removal and tracking by association [5]. A sparse representation based approach is proposed for pedestrian detection from thermal images. The approach first adopted the histogram of sparse code to represent image features and then detect pedestrian with the extracted features in a unimodal and a multimodal framework, respectively [6]. In order to accurately detect potential safety hazard hidden in passenger flow, a hybrid forecasting approach was proposed to obtain the passenger flow status [7]. By thoroughly analyzing and optimizing each step of the detection pipeline, a pedestrian detection system was proposed based on deep learning, adapting a general-purpose convolutional network to the task at hand [8].
Some studies focused on causing and handling of the potential risks [9–15]. A pedestrian evacuation simulation model based on the extended cellular automata was proposed with the consideration of heterogeneous behavioral tendencies in humans, and the model was applied to optimize buildings to reduce evacuation times [9]. A more comprehensive conceptual model was introduced for the representation of the impact of fatigue on the performance of evacuees during building stair evacuation. The model was presented considering its conceptual formulation and the issues associated with its implementation [10]. A multigrid model was proposed to simulate evacuation with guiders, and the effects of guider type, guider number, guider distribution, and guidance strategy on evacuation were discussed [11]. The selfish and selfless behaviors were considered as two main factors in evacuation, and selfishness- and selflessness-based model of pedestrian room evacuation was proposed [12]. A new multiagent based congestion evacuation model incorporating panic behavior was proposed for simulating pedestrian evacuation in public places such as a stadium. Pedestrians in this model were divided into four classes and each pedestrian’s status can be either normal, overtaken, or casualty [13]. The evacuation process from a room without visibility was investigated by both experiment and modeling. Some typical characteristics of blind evacuation, including the preference of choosing left-hand side direction and following behavior, were found from the experiment [14]. A pedestrian evacuation modeling framework was developed, which used volunteered geographical information from OpenStreetMap and simplified queuing-network model to estimate evacuation time, detect bottlenecks, and test different evacuation strategies [15].
According to the literature review above, current studies only focused on the potential risks detection and risk handling. For passenger flow forecasting, most of studies concerned passenger flow demand, arriving, and departure volume forecasting [16–19]. Specific literature on risk forecasting is scarce. The risk forecasting is an important connection between potential risks detection and risk handling. Based on the detection result, forecasting the passenger flow risk can well master the variation trend of risk and adopt suitable handling operations. So in this paper, we consider the passenger flow risk forecasting in high-speed railway transport hub. Based on surveillance sensor networks, a spatial correlation forecasting algorithm is developed to forecast the passenger flow risk of bottleneck areas.
3. Passenger Flow Risk Forecasting Frame
In this section, the passenger flow risk forecasting frame is described in three aspects. Firstly, surveillance sensor networks of high-speed railway transport hub are introduced. Secondly, forecasting mechanism is described. Based on the previous two parts, the forecasting procedure is designed in the last part.
3.1. Surveillance Sensor Networks of High-Speed Railway Transport Hub
According to the different surveillance purposes and focuses, the sensors in surveillance sensor networks of high-speed railway transport hub can be classified into three types [20], key area monitoring sensors, passenger line monitoring sensors, and complete coverage monitoring sensors, which are shown in Figure 1.
For the three types of sensors (Figure 1), our study mainly focuses on the passenger flow risk forecasting of key area. The forecasting not only use the passenger flow data detected by key area monitoring sensors but also used the passenger flow data obtained by passenger line monitoring sensors.
3.2. Passenger Flow Risk Forecasting Mechanism
The accuracy of passenger flow risk forecasting in key area is influenced by several factors, that is, current risk status of key area, risk status of correlated surveillance areas in passenger line, and service capability of equipment in key area. So it is hard to obtain an accurate risk forecasting value by only using the risk status of key area.
In this paper, we consider the passenger flow risk forecasting of key area under the surveillance sensor networks in high-speed railway transport hub. By analyzing the relationship between key area and correlated surveillance areas in passenger line, a forecasting algorithm is developed based on spatial correlation.
The spatial correlation between key area and correlated areas in passenger line can be defined as the impact on key area risk caused by correlated areas. A sample of spatial correlation is shown in Figure 2. In the figure, the red point is the key area, blue points are correlated surveillance areas, and the blue arrows are passenger line. The passengers moved from A to B and C to D and converge to E. The A, B, C, and D have spatial correlation with E, and the spatial correlation degrees of B and D are larger than the spatial correlation degrees of A and C.
3.3. Passenger Flow Risk Forecasting Procedure
In the surveillance sensor networks of high-speed railway transport hub, based on the spatial correlation, there are three main steps in the passenger flow risk forecasting procedure, which are shown in Figure 3.
Step 1. Calculate the risk value of correlated surveillance areas by using the passenger flow status of the areas.
Step 2. Calculate spatial correlation degrees between key area and correlated surveillance areas based on the surveillance sensor networks of high-speed railway transport hub.
Step 3. Forecast the risk value of key area based on the current risk value of key area, , and obtained by Steps 1 and 2.
4. A Passenger Flow Risk Forecasting Algorithm Based on Spatial Correlation
According to passenger flow risk forecasting procedure mentioned in Section 3, the calculation method of passenger flow risk value and forecasting algorithm based on spatial correlation will be discussed in this section.
4.1. Passenger Flow Risk Value Calculation
In this paper, we adopt passenger flow amount to calculate the risk value in key area and correlated surveillance areas. And three types of passenger flow status parameters are used, which are current passenger flow amount of area , average passenger flow amount of area in statistic period , and max passenger flow amount of area in statistic period . Based on plenty of data experiments for different areas in high-speed railway transport hubs, the passenger flow risk values in key area and correlated surveillance areas can be calculated as follows.
(1) While current passenger flow amount is less than or equal to average passenger flow amount in statistic period, ,
(2) While current passenger flow amount is larger than average passenger flow amount in statistic period and less than or equal to max passenger flow amount of area in statistic period, ,
(3) While current passenger flow amount is larger than max passenger flow amount of area in statistic period, ,
4.2. Spatial Correlation Degree Calculation
The spatial correlation reflects the risk correlation between key area and correlated surveillance areas. And the spatial correlation degree is an important indicator to represent the impact on passenger flow risk of key area caused by the risk value of correlated surveillance areas.
is a time series set, representing risk values of one key area and correlated surveillance areas at different time. is the risk values of key area in period, and is the risk values of the th correlated surveillance area in period. The spatial correlation degree between the key area and th correlated surveillance area in period can be calculated as follows:where , , , and is the identification coefficient, .
According to the incidence extent, each spatial correlation between key area and one correlated surveillance area has a correlation weight coefficient, which can be calculated by
4.3. Forecasting Algorithm Based on Spatial Correlation
For a key area , it has correlated surveillance areas , . Based on the passenger flow risk value of and and the spatial correlation among their areas, the initial passenger flow risk of in period can be forecasted as follows:where is the correlation weight coefficient between and and is the correlation time between and .
In actual forecasting, for improving the accuracy, we employ the initial forecasting value and actual passenger flow risk values before period to forecast the passenger flow risk of in period. The forecasting algorithm is shown as follows:
Set , and . So the forecasting algorithm can be transferred as follows:where is the actual passenger flow risk value of at the initial forecasting period and is the actual passenger flow risk value of at the initial forecasting period.
5. Computational Experiments
In this section, computational experiments are conducted to verify passenger flow risk algorithm proposed above. A specific key area in high-speed railway transport hub is taken as an example. This area is an escalator connecting waiting hall and entrances. The schematic representation of their areas is shown in Figure 4.
The E is the escalator. A and B are two metro transfer points; the passengers arriving by metro enter the hub from these two points. C is an entrance; the passengers arriving by public transport enter the hub from this entrance. D is a park entrance; the passengers arriving by private car enter the hub from this entrance. Both of these areas have intelligent surveillance, which can automatically detect the passenger flow amount and calculate the risk value. Based on the real detection data from intelligent surveillance sensors, the forecasting algorithm developed in Section 3 is employed to forecast the passenger flow risk of area E. We set 10 minutes as a forecasting period, and firstly experiment on 6 hours (12:00 am–6:00 pm) is conducted. The computational result is shown in Table 1, and comparison between forecasting risk value and actual risk value is shown in Figure 5.
As observed in Figure 5, the forecasting risk values obtained by our approach are close to actual risk value; the average gap between forecasting risk value and actual risk value is 2.6%. And the variation trend of passenger flow risk is well forecasted by our approach. For illustrating the performance of our forecasting approach facing mass passenger flow, a festival day (6:00 am–12:00 pm) is selected as an example. The computational result is shown in Figures 6 and 7.
As observed in Figures 6 and 7, our forecasting approach has a good performance for mass passenger flow in festival days. It can well forecast variation trend of passenger flow risk in a whole day time (6:00 am–12:00 pm is a normal operation time of hub) except some low risk periods. Generally, our forecasting approach can meet the demands of safety management in high-speed railway transport hub.
6. Conclusion
In this paper, we considered the passenger flow risk forecasting problem in high-speed railway transport hub. According to the surveillance sensor network of hub, a spatial correlation degree calculation between the key area and the correlated surveillance area was proposed, and a passenger flow risk forecasting algorithm based on spatial correlation was developed. Computational experiments on a key area in high-speed railway transport hub showed that the proposed forecasting approach is effective to forecast the passenger flow risk of key area in hub. In future, considering several key areas risk, forecasting the whole safety status of high-speed railway transport hub is a possibility for further research.
Competing Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.
Acknowledgments
This research was supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Grant no. 2015JBM044) and the Talented Faculty Funds of Beijing Jiaotong University (Grant no. 2014RC005).