An Optimized WSN Design for Latency-Critical Smart Grid Applications

<table class="table-group" id="tab4"><tr><td><table class="table"><tr><td class="thead-hr" colspan="4"><hr/></td></tr><tr class="thead"><td class="align_left">Cluster size </td><td class="align_center"> <svg height="9.2729pt" id="M81" style="vertical-align:-0.6370001pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.6359 45.5962 9.2729" width="45.5962pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M610 18C585 26 567 34 540 68C517 97 499 128 476 171C452 215 425 276 413 304C496 332 570 394 570 494C570 555 545 595 509 619S419 650 364 650H139L133 622C216 615 219 612 203 527L129 132C112 40 105 36 23 28L17 0H279L285 28C199 34 194 40 211 132L239 284H284C320 284 334 275 351 236C374 182 394 140 420 93C459 23 495 -1 592 -8H600L610 18ZM480 485C480 424 449 372 403 342C374 323 338 316 293 316H245L291 562C296 589 301 601 311 608S337 618 358 618C432 618 480 575 480 485Z" id="g113-83"></path><glyph.data ascent="3473" 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transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,29.286,0)"><path d="M241 635C89 635 35 457 35 312C35 153 89 -12 240 -12C390 -12 443 166 443 312C443 466 390 635 241 635ZM238 602C329 602 354 454 354 312C354 172 330 22 240 22C152 22 124 173 124 313S148 602 238 602Z" id="g113-49"></path><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="480" vert-adv-y="480" xpluscharwidth="35.526"></glyph.data></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,35.573,0)"><path d="M594 629L561 652L159 -9L190 -32L594 629ZM194 635C92 635 49 534 49 453C49 374 92 272 193 272C295 272 338 374 338 454S295 635 194 635ZM193 605C257 605 265 504 265 453C265 405 257 302 194 302C133 302 122 403 122 454S133 605 193 605ZM567 351C465 351 421 250 421 169C421 90 465 -12 566 -12S710 90 710 170S667 351 567 351ZM566 322C628 322 637 221 637 169C637 121 628 18 567 18S494 119 494 170C494 223 506 322 566 322Z" id="g121-35"></path><glyph.data ascent="989" descent="-360" horiz-adv-x="756" vert-adv-y="756" xpluscharwidth="45.400999999999996"></glyph.data></g></svg></td><td class="align_center"><span style="width: 45.5962ptpx;"><svg height="9.75571pt" id="M82" style="vertical-align:-1.11981pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.6359 45.5962 9.75571" width="45.5962pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M610 18C585 26 567 34 540 68C517 97 499 128 476 171C452 215 425 276 413 304C496 332 570 394 570 494C570 555 545 595 509 619S419 650 364 650H139L133 622C216 615 219 612 203 527L129 132C112 40 105 36 23 28L17 0H279L285 28C199 34 194 40 211 132L239 284H284C320 284 334 275 351 236C374 182 394 140 420 93C459 23 495 -1 592 -8H600L610 18ZM480 485C480 424 449 372 403 342C374 323 338 316 293 316H245L291 562C296 589 301 601 311 608S337 618 358 618C432 618 480 575 480 485Z" id="g113-83"></path><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="627" vert-adv-y="627" 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transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,29.286,0)"><path d="M153 550H386L412 615L406 623H120L82 318C104 327 142 338 184 338C294 338 347 275 347 187C347 112 305 39 221 39C160 39 119 71 97 89C88 97 80 96 71 90C59 80 50 67 49 57C48 45 52 36 66 23C80 9 123 -12 169 -12C221 -11 288 15 342 59C403 109 431 165 431 225C431 308 366 395 238 395C212 395 165 379 127 364L153 550Z" id="g113-54"></path><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="480" vert-adv-y="480" xpluscharwidth="35.526"></glyph.data></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,35.573,0)"><path d="M594 629L561 652L159 -9L190 -32L594 629ZM194 635C92 635 49 534 49 453C49 374 92 272 193 272C295 272 338 374 338 454S295 635 194 635ZM193 605C257 605 265 504 265 453C265 405 257 302 194 302C133 302 122 403 122 454S133 605 193 605ZM567 351C465 351 421 250 421 169C421 90 465 -12 566 -12S710 90 710 170S667 351 567 351ZM566 322C628 322 637 221 637 169C637 121 628 18 567 18S494 119 494 170C494 223 506 322 566 322Z" id="g121-35"></path><glyph.data ascent="989" descent="-360" horiz-adv-x="756" vert-adv-y="756" xpluscharwidth="45.400999999999996"></glyph.data></g></svg></span></td><td class="align_center"><span style="width: 45.5962ptpx;"><svg height="9.2729pt" id="M83" style="vertical-align:-0.6370001pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.6359 45.5962 9.2729" width="45.5962pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M610 18C585 26 567 34 540 68C517 97 499 128 476 171C452 215 425 276 413 304C496 332 570 394 570 494C570 555 545 595 509 619S419 650 364 650H139L133 622C216 615 219 612 203 527L129 132C112 40 105 36 23 28L17 0H279L285 28C199 34 194 40 211 132L239 284H284C320 284 334 275 351 236C374 182 394 140 420 93C459 23 495 -1 592 -8H600L610 18ZM480 485C480 424 449 372 403 342C374 323 338 316 293 316H245L291 562C296 589 301 601 311 608S337 618 358 618C432 618 480 575 480 485Z" id="g113-83"></path><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="627" vert-adv-y="627" xpluscharwidth="8.151"></glyph.data></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,11.783,0)"><path d="M512 230V281L75 514V456L453 256V254L75 55V-3L512 230Z" id="g117-92"></path><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="587" vert-adv-y="587" xpluscharwidth="19.414"></glyph.data></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,23.046,0)"><path d="M244 635C114 635 38 519 38 422C38 317 111 240 217 240C236 240 255 244 277 256L345 292C311 140 203 39 59 15L64 -15C89 -15 150 -5 204 17C339 72 440 202 440 386C440 521 368 635 244 635ZM228 602C326 602 352 479 352 390C352 370 351 347 348 324C327 308 293 296 258 296C174 296 124 369 124 458C124 517 152 602 228 602Z" id="g113-58"></path><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="480" vert-adv-y="480" xpluscharwidth="29.286"></glyph.data></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,29.287,0)"><path d="M241 635C89 635 35 457 35 312C35 153 89 -12 240 -12C390 -12 443 166 443 312C443 466 390 635 241 635ZM238 602C329 602 354 454 354 312C354 172 330 22 240 22C152 22 124 173 124 313S148 602 238 602Z" id="g113-49"></path><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="480" vert-adv-y="480" xpluscharwidth="35.527"></glyph.data></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,35.573,0)"><path d="M594 629L561 652L159 -9L190 -32L594 629ZM194 635C92 635 49 534 49 453C49 374 92 272 193 272C295 272 338 374 338 454S295 635 194 635ZM193 605C257 605 265 504 265 453C265 405 257 302 194 302C133 302 122 403 122 454S133 605 193 605ZM567 351C465 351 421 250 421 169C421 90 465 -12 566 -12S710 90 710 170S667 351 567 351ZM566 322C628 322 637 221 637 169C637 121 628 18 567 18S494 119 494 170C494 223 506 322 566 322Z" id="g121-35"></path><glyph.data ascent="989" descent="-360" horiz-adv-x="756" vert-adv-y="756" xpluscharwidth="45.400999999999996"></glyph.data></g></svg></span></td></tr><tr><td class="thead-hr" colspan="4"><hr/></td></tr><tr><td class="align_left">25</td><td class="align_center">45.08</td><td class="align_center">52.15597</td><td class="align_center"> <svg height="9.16851pt" id="M84" style="vertical-align:-0.2455301pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.92298 21.4996 9.16851" width="21.4996pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M63 95C70 84 85 83 93 83C121 83 136 106 136 131C136 160 113 179 85 179C52 179 26 150 26 107C26 41 92 -15 199 -15C302 -15 399 18 484 106C535 159 576 245 617 333C684 348 739 389 774 457L758 467C722 411 681 381 633 368C679 468 726 563 779 603C807 603 888 604 888 655C888 667 875 675 859 675C848 675 818 671 783 648C758 651 718 656 665 656C605 656 537 649 482 616C434 585 396 536 396 471C396 392 448 345 520 330C511 311 502 292 493 271C400 61 306 16 181 16C110 16 61 68 61 95H63ZM729 601C648 547 595 474 536 362C465 370 437 423 437 462C437 518 477 560 522 580S625 604 676 604C696 604 714 604 729 603V601Z" id="g198-10"></path><glyph.data ascent="687" descent="-226" horiz-adv-x="897" vert-adv-y="897" xpluscharwidth="11.704773600000001"></glyph.data></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,11.661,0)"><path d="M397 143C384 252 309 299 234 299C151 299 67 242 67 142C67 29 167 -15 264 -15C419 -15 547 68 547 204C547 336 385 381 385 491C385 582 483 644 560 644C613 644 668 624 668 563C668 499 620 463 559 456V435C627 435 701 491 701 564C701 648 628 680 561 680C454 680 308 615 308 472C308 340 465 297 465 191C465 75 365 15 272 15C192 15 129 67 129 137C129 212 192 256 241 256C296 256 345 244 377 139L397 143Z" id="g198-20"></path><glyph.data ascent="687" descent="-226" horiz-adv-x="743" vert-adv-y="743" xpluscharwidth="21.3562584"></glyph.data></g></svg></td></tr><tr><td class="align_left">30</td><td class="align_center">53.34531</td><td class="align_center">61.94045</td><td class="align_center"> <svg height="9.16851pt" id="M85" style="vertical-align:-0.2455301pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 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309 299 234 299C151 299 67 242 67 142C67 29 167 -15 264 -15C419 -15 547 68 547 204C547 336 385 381 385 491C385 582 483 644 560 644C613 644 668 624 668 563C668 499 620 463 559 456V435C627 435 701 491 701 564C701 648 628 680 561 680C454 680 308 615 308 472C308 340 465 297 465 191C465 75 365 15 272 15C192 15 129 67 129 137C129 212 192 256 241 256C296 256 345 244 377 139L397 143Z" id="g198-20"></path><glyph.data ascent="687" descent="-226" horiz-adv-x="743" vert-adv-y="743" xpluscharwidth="21.3562584"></glyph.data></g></svg></td></tr><tr><td class="align_left">35</td><td class="align_center">61.6105</td><td class="align_center"> <svg height="9.16851pt" id="M86" style="vertical-align:-0.2455301pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.92298 21.4996 9.16851" width="21.4996pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M63 95C70 84 85 83 93 83C121 83 136 106 136 131C136 160 113 179 85 179C52 179 26 150 26 107C26 41 92 -15 199 -15C302 -15 399 18 484 106C535 159 576 245 617 333C684 348 739 389 774 457L758 467C722 411 681 381 633 368C679 468 726 563 779 603C807 603 888 604 888 655C888 667 875 675 859 675C848 675 818 671 783 648C758 651 718 656 665 656C605 656 537 649 482 616C434 585 396 536 396 471C396 392 448 345 520 330C511 311 502 292 493 271C400 61 306 16 181 16C110 16 61 68 61 95H63ZM729 601C648 547 595 474 536 362C465 370 437 423 437 462C437 518 477 560 522 580S625 604 676 604C696 604 714 604 729 603V601Z" id="g198-10"></path><glyph.data ascent="687" descent="-226" horiz-adv-x="897" vert-adv-y="897" xpluscharwidth="11.704773600000001"></glyph.data></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,11.661,0)"><path d="M397 143C384 252 309 299 234 299C151 299 67 242 67 142C67 29 167 -15 264 -15C419 -15 547 68 547 204C547 336 385 381 385 491C385 582 483 644 560 644C613 644 668 624 668 563C668 499 620 463 559 456V435C627 435 701 491 701 564C701 648 628 680 561 680C454 680 308 615 308 472C308 340 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271C400 61 306 16 181 16C110 16 61 68 61 95H63ZM729 601C648 547 595 474 536 362C465 370 437 423 437 462C437 518 477 560 522 580S625 604 676 604C696 604 714 604 729 603V601Z" id="g198-10"></path><glyph.data ascent="687" descent="-226" horiz-adv-x="897" vert-adv-y="897" xpluscharwidth="11.704773600000001"></glyph.data></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,11.661,0)"><path d="M397 143C384 252 309 299 234 299C151 299 67 242 67 142C67 29 167 -15 264 -15C419 -15 547 68 547 204C547 336 385 381 385 491C385 582 483 644 560 644C613 644 668 624 668 563C668 499 620 463 559 456V435C627 435 701 491 701 564C701 648 628 680 561 680C454 680 308 615 308 472C308 340 465 297 465 191C465 75 365 15 272 15C192 15 129 67 129 137C129 212 192 256 241 256C296 256 345 244 377 139L397 143Z" id="g198-20"></path><glyph.data ascent="687" descent="-226" horiz-adv-x="743" vert-adv-y="743" xpluscharwidth="21.3562584"></glyph.data></g></svg></td></tr><tr class="table-tr"><td colspan="4"><hr class="tbody-hr"/></td></tr></table></td></tr></table>

Minimum delays with (<svg height="9.16851pt" id="M80" style="vertical-align:-0.2455301pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.92298 21.4996 9.16851" width="21.4996pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M63 95C70 84 85 83 93 83C121 83 136 106 136 131C136 160 113 179 85 179C52 179 26 150 26 107C26 41 92 -15 199 -15C302 -15 399 18 484 106C535 159 576 245 617 333C684 348 739 389 774 457L758 467C722 411 681 381 633 368C679 468 726 563 779 603C807 603 888 604 888 655C888 667 875 675 859 675C848 675 818 671 783 648C758 651 718 656 665 656C605 656 537 649 482 616C434 585 396 536 396 471C396 392 448 345 520 330C511 311 502 292 493 271C400 61 306 16 181 16C110 16 61 68 61 95H63ZM729 601C648 547 595 474 536 362C465 370 437 423 437 462C437 518 477 560 522 580S625 604 676 604C696 604 714 604 729 603V601Z" id="g198-10"></path><glyph.data ascent="687" descent="-226" horiz-adv-x="897" vert-adv-y="897" xpluscharwidth="11.704773600000001"></glyph.data></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,11.661,0)"><path d="M397 143C384 252 309 299 234 299C151 299 67 242 67 142C67 29 167 -15 264 -15C419 -15 547 68 547 204C547 336 385 381 385 491C385 582 483 644 560 644C613 644 668 624 668 563C668 499 620 463 559 456V435C627 435 701 491 701 564C701 648 628 680 561 680C454 680 308 615 308 472C308 340 465 297 465 191C465 75 365 15 272 15C192 15 129 67 129 137C129 212 192 256 241 256C296 256 345 244 377 139L397 143Z" id="g198-20"></path><glyph.data ascent="687" descent="-226" horiz-adv-x="743" vert-adv-y="743" xpluscharwidth="21.3562584"></glyph.data></g></svg>).

Journal of Sensors

An Optimized WSN Design for Latency-Critical Smart Grid Applications

Table 4