Evaluating the User Physical Stresses Associated with Watching 3D and 2D Displays over Extended Time Using Heart Rate Variability, Galvanic Skin Resistance, and Performance Measure
Table 1
Means (standard deviations) of heart rate variability measures in the study.
Parameters Display type Viewing distance
Study variables
()
2D display
3D display
3
6
3
6
Display type ()
Distance ()
Interaction ()
HR (bpm)
74.110 (0.523)
76.132 (0.385)
81.156 (0.326)
79.134 (0.372)
0.0001 (0.487)
0.0001 (0.240)
0.062 (0.027)
STDHR (bpm)
5.67 (0.194)
7.8 (0.14)
4.64 (0.15)
4.89 (0.16)
0.075 (0.025)
0.002 (0.071)
0.001 (0.077)
RR (ms)
850.5 (7.8)
797.3 (6.5)
754.8 (4.9)
738.7 (4.2)
0.0001 (0.541)
0.0001 (0.299)
0.007 (0.055)
SDRR (ms)
62.1 (2.1)
45.6 (1.4)
41.7 (1.1)
41.9 (0.9)
0.0001 (0.343)
0.0001 (0.293)
0.0001 (0.167)
RMSSD (ms)
45.2 (2.6)
30.0 (1.4)
27.6 (0.8)
29.0 (1.3)
0.0001(0.188)
0.0001 (0.137)
0.0001 (0.172)
NN50
88.0 (6.5)
26.5 (2.6)
34.5 (3.0)
24.1 (2.4)
0.0001 (0.256)
0.0001 (0.399)
0.0001 (0.280)
pNN50 (%)
17.347 (1.2)
5.3 (0.6)
5.9 (0.5)
4.1 (0.4)
0.0001 (0.343)
0.0001 (0.454)
0.0001 (0.336)c
HF (ms2)
884.3 (144.8)
316.3 (28.3)
284.0 (17.6)
371.7 (48.3)
0.001 (0.087)
0.002 (0.070)
0.0001 (0.128)
LF (ms2)
1805.5 (63.2)
590.2 (34.0)
674.3 (53.5)
513.6 (30.0)
0.171 (0.015)
0.140 (0.017)
0.205 (0.013)
VLF (ms2)
1640.5 (554.1)
889.8 (40.4)
0.047 (0.031)
0.174 (0.014)
0.118 (0.019)
LF/HF
3.203 (0.182)
2.817 (0.122)
0.043 (0.031)
0.682 (0.001)
0.892 (0.000)
HR: mean heart rate; STDHR: standard deviation of instantaneous heart rate; RR: mean of RR intervals; SDRR: standard deviation of RR intervals; RMSSD: square root of the mean squared differences between successive RR intervals; NN50: number of successive RR interval pairs that differ more than 50 ms; pNN50: NN50 divided by the total number of RR intervals; HF: absolute power of the high-frequency band, 0.15–0.40 Hz; LF: absolute power of the low-frequency band, 0.04–0.15 Hz; VLF: absolute power of the very low-frequency band, 0–0.04 Hz; LF/HF: ratio of LF to HF band powers. Significant difference between the two display types; significant differences between the two viewing distances; significant difference of the interaction; η2 effect size.
