Electromagnetic Bridge Energy Harvester Utilizing Bridge’s Vibrations and Ambient Wind for Wireless Sensor Node Application

Table 3

Comparison of energy harvesters.

Harvester’s type	Transduction mechanism	Acceleration ()	Resonant frequency (Hz)	Impedance (Ω)	Voltage (mV)	Power (μW)	Ref.
Bridge energy harvesters	Electromagnetic	0.55	2	1.8	—	2.3	[26]
		0.08	2.2	—	—	26000	[25]
		0.38	3.1	67 k	10000	12500	[41]
		0.008	14	—	10	2	[42]
		0.025	4.1	290	710	120	[43]
		1	10	270	—	39.45	[45]
		1	10	240	—	163	[44]
		0.05	2	240	—	57
		—	<1	—	—	0.7
		1	10	0.22	0.1	13.6	[57]
		3	27	3.6	15.5	2.1	[58]
		0.2–0.4	3.6, 14.9, & 17.6	54.5	206	354.51	[This work]
		0.3–0.6	7.6, 33, & 45	28	430	2214.32	[This work]
	Piezoelectric	0.1	2	70 k	—	64	[25]
		0.02	14-15	100	1.8–3.6	30	[27]
		—	14.5	—	3600	30	[46]
		1	40	10 M	28000	78.4	[47]
		0.29	2.71 & 120	9.7 k	—	7700	[48]
		0.21	117.1	11.8 k	2000	197	[49]
		0.21	65.2	14.9 k	5000	657
		—	1.5	480	650	83.5	[50]
		—	2	200 k	—	0.6	[52]
Multimode energy harvesters	Electromagnetic	0.76	369, 938, & 1184	0.8	3.2	3.2	[67]
		1	840, 1070, & 1490	626	3.7	0.0041	[68]
		50	4200–5000	580	10	0.4	[69]
		50	3300–3600	580	20	0.5	[70]
		1	368, 530, & 614	264	0.043	2.6	[71]
	Piezoelectric	0.1	10–100	100 k	1000	5	[72]
		0.1	17.5 & 21.7	100 k	22.5	500	[73]
		0.8	101.04, 108.16, & 134.4	—	3100	—	[74]
		0.05	387.1, 398.2, & 398.6	1 M	—	53	[75]
		1	14.2 & 25.4	71 M	13.2	24.5	[76]
		—	32 & 41.6	100 k	30500	1000	[77]
		0.2	71.8, 84.5, & 188.4	2 M	1000	0.136	[78]
	Hybrid	0.1	65–95	116	—	2160	[79]
		0.2	22.8 & 25.6	240	—	4200	[80]