Technology Roadmapping Architecture Based on Knowledge Management: Case Study for Improved Indigenous Coffee Production from Guerrero, Mexico

Table 2

Studies that have been carried out and could be considered to attend problems of the indigenous coffee production chain from Paraje Montero and Tierra Colorada, Guerrero, Mexico.

References	Description	Attended problems	Dedicated people	Analysis
[89]	This paper presented a preliminary design of a low-cost greenhouse which includes rainwater catchments, photovoltaic cell, and battery array to power electronics and pumping. The greenhouse is covered by polyethylene and has an Arduino-based system for monitoring variables such as temperature, humidity, and soil moisture	(i) Greenhouse creation; (ii) Control of climatic variables; (iii) Knowledge and technology management	People outside of Nairoby, Kenya	The system presented here has high possibility to be implemented by the two populations of Guerrero, México, because attended in [89] are similar problems related to productivity and with variability of weather; also, a high percentage of people are employed in agriculture and do not have access to adequate food supply. Also, the cost of the system is low which makes these developments economically reachable for the two populations
[90]	This paper presents an analysis of different levels of automation of WUAs (water user associations), and according to the automation level, which represents investments that go from 1.24% to 6.72%, the energy saving goes from 2.05 to 8.21% and related to water savings from 0.71% to 6.56%. In the majority of cases, the amortization period is less than 1.5 years	(i) Water and energy saving; (ii) Money saving; (iii) Adequate irrigation of crops	Person and producers situated in the southeast of Spain	The irrigation systems in southeast of Spain are relatively costly, and the agriculture technology level is relatively high. The systems here analyzed have the possibility to be implemented depending on the degree of economic power of each producer in the two regions of Guerrero, México, analyzed in this work in order to save energy, water, and money. The reason is that the level of technology implemented in several WUAs varies directly with the cost, and may be the adequate WUAs for the two populations of Guerrero, Mexico, analyzed in this work are the cheapest
[91]	This paper presents a low-cost module for climate variable monitoring; these variables are CO2, pH, humidity, temperature, and luminosity. The equipment accounts with solar panel and Xbee as the transmission device, which according to [96] is the best low-cost wireless transmission devices used for applications in precision agriculture. This system permits users, which were from Azuay, Ecuador, to keep historical records of their coffee crops, allowing them to access to data via user-friendly access and web tools	(i) Automatic monitoring for preventive action; (ii) Increase the quality and yield of coffee crops; (iii) Keep record of climatic variables of their coffee crops	Small farmers and families’ producers of coffee from Santa Isabel in Azuay, Ecuador	The people who implemented this low-cost technology live and work in similar conditions such as the two populations analyzed in this manuscript. Almost all farmers’ crops are familiar or have small plantations; it is difficult for them to access technology to monitor their cultivation, and the crop’s surface to implement the technological development is difficult. Therefore, the system developed in [91] has high viability to be implemented and used by the two populations of Guerrero, Mexico, analyzed in the manuscript
[92]	This manuscript presents an evaluation at the industrial scale of the roasting degree of coffee beans by using the electronic nose, value of colorimetric sensor, and stepwise backward selection. Here the value of CIELab domain was positively correlated with the values of the selected electronic nose with an ranging in the interval that goes from 0.994 to 0.999	(i) Coffee quality (aroma and flavor); (ii) Lack of infrastructure for coffee processing; (iii) Low-cost sale by kilogram (due to the increase of quality by using this technology)	Industry of coffee in Bari, Italy	The system here proposed is to be used at the industry scale; therefore, it is difficult to be used by the two populations of Guerrero, Mexico, analyzed in this manuscript even though it was mentioned in the work that the methodology here proposed is cheap. Maybe if the populations work together as only one industry, this methodology can be implemented to increase the quality and increase the price of their products
[93]	This work presents an evaluation of the potential of Sentinel-2 MSI to discriminate coffee leaf rust in crops by using random forest (RF) and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA); by using these two methods, the authors identify spectral bands and vegetation index to discriminate the coffee leaf rust from crops. The results suggest that this system can be used to discriminate correctly the coffee leaf rust from crops with a discrimination accuracy of 82.5%	(i) Presence of pest and diseases in coffee crops; (ii) Lack of infrastructure; (iii) Automation of disease detection labor	Producers and coffee researches in Chipinge, Zimbabwe	Even though the study was done principally by researches in Zimbabwe, the system developed by [93] presents a good discrimination accuracy; therefore, it can help to solve the problem of disease on coffee present in the two populations from Guerrero, Mexico, analyzed in this work. However, the cost of this technology commonly results costly, and it needs a trained staff to achieve the data analysis [97]; therefore, it is difficult to adopt this kind of technology by these two populations here in Mexico