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| S# | Authors | Cluster | Strategies | Limitations |
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| Flat routing protocols |
| 1 | ETMAM [28] 2014 | ✘ | Mobile agent route among the sensor for data aggregation considering energy and trust metrics | Framework support small route mobile agent and response time is low |
| 2 | PHADOV [29] 2014 | ✘ | Link condition for optimize path, prevent route exhausting, and reduce route error message | Routing overhead increase |
| 3 | OTDS [30] 2015 | ✘ | Data mule (mobile node) that has the ability to collect and store data from sensor node and transmit towards BS | In sufficient for different constraint and energy hole problem |
| 4 | PDORP [31] 2016 | ✘ | Generate trust list to avoid acknowledgement | Cause significant delay |
| Hierarchical routing protocol |
| 5 | MISSEEP [32] 2015 | ✓ | Mobile sink for collecting data to alleviate hole | Protocol not fully addressed hole problem due to load balancing issue |
| 6 | DCEM [33] 2016 | ✓ | Minimum inter cluster multihop routing cost function | DCEM not consider the optimal location of CH in cluster
Intercluster multihop routing among CH consume more energy of CH |
| 7 | PSO-ECHS [23] 2017 | ✓ | CH is selected by fitness functions that consider the distance between sensor node and BS, as well as sensor node and neighbor nodes, and the residual energy of sensor nodes | Robustness of the algorithm, however, needs to be verified with the heterogeneous nature of nodes |
| 8 | EECRP [34] 2017 | ✓ | CH selected in energy density node region | MAX-dist consume more energy of CH in caching and transferring data |
| 9 | Awan et al. [35] 2018 | ✓ | Cluster size reduction | Not focus on energy-efficient optimize route among cluster head |
| 10 | MEACBM [36] 2019 | ✓ | Mobile data cluster node utilizes as CH data collection and transfer to BS | Subcluster nodes are taking more processes and lead to network overhead |
| 5 | CAMP [37] 2019 | ✓ | Adjusts the tuning factors including remaining energy, node degree, distance towards the sink node. | Has significant delay due to its energy calculation and randomly selection of CH in the network. |
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