Recent Progress in Electrochemical Detection of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) via Graphene-Based Nanosensors

Table 5

New methods compared to traditional methods have some advantages.

Methods	Advantages	Disadvantages	Ref.
Electrochemical detection	(i) Sensitivity; (ii) Specificity; (iii) Rapid response; (iv) Simplicity; (v) Without prolonged experimentation processes; (vi) Without purification requirements; (vii) Low cost; (viii) Stability; (ix) Using a wide range of transduction mechanisms such as electrical, electrochemical, optical, and mass-based mechanisms; (x) Small sample volume; (xi) Small size; (xii) Small sample volume	(i) The need for the application of redox-active markers in the sample solution; (ii) Thermal denaturation	[2, 69–71]
Signal amplification assays	(i) High sensitivity to genotyping; (ii) Lower false-positive rate; (iii) FDA-approved test (hc2); (iv) Quantitative	(i) Was not designed to genotyping individual; (ii) Patented and licensed and technologies	[72]
Nucleic acid hybridization assays	(i) Presence of HPV in association with morphology; (ii) Southern blot is the gold standard for HPV genomic analysis	(i) Southern blot and hybridization cannot be degraded; (ii) Relatively large amounts of purified DNA, time-consuming, and low sensitivity	[72]
Nucleic acid amplification assays	(i) Multiplex analysis; (ii) Very high sensitivity; (iii) Flexible technology (genotype and viral load)	(i) Contamination with previously amplified material can lead to false positives; (ii) Lower amplification signals of some HPV genotypes	[72]
Pap smear test	(i) Enabling easy testing	(i) Expensive instrumentation and expert analysis; (ii) Dedicated instrumentation; (iii) Exhaustive labels; (iv) Low specificity and sensitivity; (v) Time-consuming and complex operation; (vi) Limited resources and personnel	[69, 73]