Enhancing Interpretability of Data-Driven Fault Detection and Diagnosis Methodology with Maintainability Rules in Smart Building Management

Table 20

Elevators & Escalators - Elevator Safety.

Problem	Design	Construction	Maintenance
Compromised safety and reliability; Dirt and rust in machine; Corroded guide rail	Specify electronic components for elevator system reliability in accordance with BS 5655-6, BS 5655-11, BS EN 81-20, SS 550 or equivalent.; Ensure compliance to global essential safety requirements (GESRs) for lifts and local safety standards in accordance with ISO/DTS 8100-21.; Design lift to ensure all lift parts do not affect safe operation under reasonable levels of depreciation.	Map out safety checks for lifts and classify them in accordance with safety and comfort requirements. Safety gear should be able to stop/hold lift car and counterweight within allowable distance in accordance with SS 550, BS 5655-6 or equivalent.; Ensure proper installation and commissioning of emergency battery operated power supply (EBOPS) of lift car, braking system, call buttons, load alarm, safety switches functions, safety logic, emergency lighting and supply, etc..	Conduct conformance test for electronic components of lift machines which are susceptible to damage from high temperatures that may impair reliability in accordance with ISO/TR 25743 or equivalent.; Conduct monthly safety- levelling of the car and landing. Follow the mandatory incident reporting procedure in the case of an accident/incident.
Faulty suspension ropes due to overloading; Elevator suspension ropes severely damaged; Condition of (broken) ropes in addition to presence of rouge indicate ropes need to be replaced; Broken suspension ropes	Adopt the design requirements for rated loading capacity in accordance with SS 550, BS 5655-6, BS 5655-11, BS EN 81-20 or equivalent. .; Provide a lift monitoring system to enable remote tracking of lift breakdown. Refer to the guidelines for lift installation in accordance with ISO 8100-30, ISO 7465, ISO 14798, ISO/TR 16765 or equivalent.; Consider designing separate service and passenger lifts. Specify durable materials for service lift floor and walls to withstand rough usage.	Overload weighing device should be provided and should activate an alarm when the load in the car exceeds the rated capacity in accordance with BS 5655-6, BS 5655-11, BS EN 81-20, SS 550 or equivalent.; Suspension ropes should be installed in accordance with ISO 2408, BS EN ISO 16841 or equivalent. Ensure that they are properly and equally tensioned. If rope is damaged during installation, even if it passed tests prior to elevator service, the damaged rope should be replaced with a new rope, instead of just replacing the strands, in accordance with ASME A17.6 or equivalent.; Lift capacity rate should be located at a noticeable position in the elevator car. It should indicate the rated load in kilograms and state the maximum number of passengers.	Periodic maintenance should be done by a BCA registered lift contractor at intervals not exceeding one month. An annual inspection and system test should be done by an independent Authorised Examiner (AE). Adopt the guidelines for the operation and maintenance of permanently installed electric lifts in accordance with SS 550, BS 5655-6, BS 5655-11, BS 7255, BS EN 13015 or equivalent.; Annual test of safety equipment without load should be conducted. A full load test should be conducted every 5 years. Sufficiently lubricate ropes frequently to avoid abrasive wear between and within the strands. Ensure the timely replacement of ropes if they are permanently kinked, bent, or deformed in accordance with criteria set out in ASME A17.6 or equivalent.; Lift ropes shall be tested against requirements of ISO 4344 or equivalent for signs of excessive wear and tear.
Failure to activate overspeed governor; Example of a typical overspeed governor (photo credit: Jones, I. G. et al., 2013)	The governor ropes should be made from iron, steel, monel, metal, phosphor bronze; Or stainless steel in accordance with ASME A17.3 or equivalent.; The governor rope’s diameter should be at least 6 mm in accordance with BS 5655-6, BS 5655-11, BS EN 81-20, SS 550 or equivalent.; The electrical and mechanical tripping speeds should be guided by the requirements in accordance with SS 550, BS 5655-6, BS 5655-11, BS EN 81-20 or equivalent.	For safety code for the construction and installation of the overspeed governor, refer to BS EN 81-50 or equivalent.; For the type of examination for overspeed governors, refer to BS EN 81-50 or equivalent, which requires a minimum of 2 tests conducted with 0,9 – 1,0 gn acceleration to check the strength of the overspeed governor.; Adopt BS EN 81-50 for tests of tripping by breakage of suspension means.; Ensure that overspeed governor functions are commissioned as intended, for safety under all operating conditions.	Inspect the general condition of the speed governor, governor rope and diameter, tripping mechanism and governor switch and governor data plate with no power.; Inspect overspeed governor under normal running conditions with power on in accordance with BS 5655-6, BS 5655-11, BS 7255, BS EN 13015, SS 550 or equivalent.; Ensure that the governor rope shows no sign of excessive wear and tear, in accordance with the requirements in ISO 4344 or equivalent.