The construction of nanosized supramolecular hosts via self-assembly of molecular components is a fascinating field of research. Such intriguing class of architectures, beside their intrinsic intellectual stimuli, is of importance in many fields of chemistry and technology, such as material chemistry, catalysis, and sensor applications. Within this wide scenario, tailored solid films of porphyrin derivatives are structures of great potential for, among others, chemical sensor applications. 
The formation of <i  >supramolecules</i> relays on noncovalent interactions (electrostatic, hydrogen bond, <svg style="vertical-align:-0.16302pt;width:24.3375px;" id="M1" height="7.0124998" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 24.3375 7.0124998" width="24.3375"  xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
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</svg>, or coordinative interactions) driven by the chemical information stored on the assembling molecules, such as shape and functional groups. This allows, for example, the formation of large well-defined porphyrin aggregates in solution that can be spontaneously transferred onto a solid surface, so achieving a solid system with tailored features. These films have been used, covering the bridge between nanostructures and microsystems, for the construction of solid-state sensors for volatiles and metal ion recognition and detection. Moreover, the variation of peripheral substituents of porphyrins, such as, for example, chiral appended functionalities, can result in the formation of porphyrin aggregates featuring high supramolecular chirality. This would allow the achievement of porphyrin layers characterised by different chiroptical and molecular recognition properties.

Donato Monti

Sara Nardis

Manuela Stefanelli

Roberto Paolesse

Corrado Di Natale

Arnaldo D&#39;Amico

Porphyrin-Based Nanostructures for Sensing Applications

The application of a 
                  new spectroscopic type fiber sensor for ozone 
                  detection in electrical components of Medium 
                  Voltage (MV) network is evaluated. The sensor 
                  layout is based on the use of an optical 
                  retroreflector, to improve the detection 
                  sensitivity, and it was especially designed for 
                  detecting in situ rapid changes of ozone 
                  concentration. Preliminary tests were performed 
                  in a typical MV switchboard. Artificial defects 
                  simulated predischarge phenomena arising during 
                  real operating conditions. Results are discussed 
                  by a comparison with data simultaneously 
                  acquired with a standard partial discharge 
                  system.

Letizia De Maria

Giuseppe Rizzi

Ozone Sensor for Application in Medium Voltage Switchboard

Gas sensors have attracted intensive research interest due to the demand of sensitive, fast response, and stable sensors for industry, environmental monitoring, biomedicine, and so forth. The development of nanotechnology has created huge potential to build highly sensitive, low cost, portable sensors with low power consumption. The extremely high surface-to-volume ratio and hollow structure of nanomaterials is ideal for the adsorption of gas molecules. Particularly, the advent of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) has fuelled the inventions of gas sensors that exploit CNTs' unique geometry, morphology, and material properties. Upon exposure to certain gases, the changes in CNTs' properties can be detected by various methods. Therefore, CNTs-based gas sensors and their mechanisms have been widely studied recently. In this paper, a broad but yet in-depth survey of current CNTs-based gas sensing technology is presented. Both experimental works and theoretical simulations are reviewed. The design, fabrication, and the sensing mechanisms of the CNTs-based gas sensors are discussed. The challenges and perspectives of the research are also addressed in this review.

Yun Wang

John T. W. Yeow

A Review of Carbon Nanotubes-Based Gas Sensors

A simazine sensing system, composed of column packed with a molecularly imprinted polymer (Sim-MIP) and an electrochemical analyzer, was scaled down in order to easily determine the concentration of simazine, an environmentally restricted chemical, in tap water. In order to enhance the detection limit, the ratio of the eluent (dilution rate) in the electrolyte was optimized to 10&#x25;. A new in-house built column size with <svg     style="vertical-align:-0.4095pt;width:53.599998px;" id="M1" height="11.7625" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 53.599998 11.7625" width="53.599998"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
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</svg>&#x2009;mm was prepared, and 3&#x2009;mg of Sim-MIP particles was packed in the column. During the sensing process, 90&#x25; of the simazine loaded to the column was collected by elution. The reductive current of simazine was determined up to 1&#x2013;10&#x2009;<svg     style="vertical-align:-3.56265pt;width:9.5625px;" id="M2" height="12.175" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 9.5625 12.175" width="9.5625"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
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</svg>M. Solid phase extraction through the Sim-MIP column enabled simazine to be selectively detected from a mixed aqueous solution containing structural analogues in the range of 10&#x2013;40&#x2009;nM. Whether the concentration of simazine in tap water had reached environmentally restricted levels (10&#x2013;40&#x2009;nM) was determined within 1&#x2009;hour using this system.

Yusuke Fuchiwaki

Naoki Sasaki

Izumi Kubo

Electrochemical Sensing System Utilizing Simazine-Imprinted Polymer Receptor for the Detection of Simazine in Tap Water

A study over Sb-promoted tin oxide nanopowders for sensing applications is reported. <svg style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:34px;" id="M3" height="14.6" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 34 14.6" width="34"  xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
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</svg> nanopowders pure and promoted with 5&#x2009;wt&#x25; of antimony were prepared by wet chemical methods and widely characterized by  TEM, XRD, and XPS techniques. 
Thick film resistive sensors were fabricated by depositing the synthesized nanopowders by drop-coating on interdigited alumina substrates. The sensing characteristics of the pure <svg style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:34px;" id="M4" height="14.6" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 34 14.6" width="34"  xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
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</svg> and Sb-promoted sensors for the monitoring of trace level of <svg style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:28.625px;" id="M5" height="14.6" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 28.625 14.6" width="28.625"  xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
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</svg> were studied. The response of the sensors to water vapor was also investigated, revealing that Sb acts favorably eliminating the interference of humidity.

T. Krishnakumar

R. Jayaprakash

N. Pinna

A. Donato

N. Donato

G. Micali

G. Neri

Sb-SnO<sub>2</sub>-Nanosized-Based Resistive Sensors for NO<sub>2</sub> Detection

We summarize current trends in the analysis of physical properties (surface mass density, viscosity, elasticity, friction, and charge) of various thin films measured with a solid-state sensor oscillating in a gaseous or liquid environment. We cover three different types of mechanically oscillating sensors: the quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D) monitoring, surface acoustic wave (SAW), resonators and magnetoelastic sensors (MESs). The fourth class of novel acoustic wave (AW) mass sensors, namely thin-film bulk acoustic resonators (TFBARs) on vibrating membranes is discussed in brief. The paper contains a survey of theoretical results and practical applications of the sensors and includes a comprehensive bibliography.

Marina V. Voinova

On Mass Loading and Dissipation Measured with Acoustic Wave Sensors: A Review

The influence of charge localized at the surface of minute metal oxide nanocrystals was studied in <svg     style="vertical-align:-3.3907pt;width:35.037498px;" id="M1" height="15.65" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 35.037498 15.65" width="35.037498"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
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</svg> nanostructures, which were obtained replicating mesoporous silica templates. Here, it is shown that the very high resistive states observed at room temperature and dark conditions were originated by the total shrinkage of the conductive zone in the inner part of these nanocrystals. On the contrary, at room temperature and under UV illumination, both photogenerated electron-hole pairs and empty surface states generated by photons diminished the negative charge accumulated at the surface, enlarging the conductive zone and, as a consequence, leading to a reduction of the electrical resistance. Under these conditions, empty surface states produced by UV light reacted with oxidizing gaseous molecules. The charge exchange associated to these reactions also affected the size of the inner conductive zone, and leaded to a new steady-state resistance. These chemical, physical and geometrical effects can be used for gas detection, and constitutes the basis for developing novel room temperature conductometric gas sensors responsive to oxidizing species.

M. Manzanares

T. Andreu

J. D. Prades

J. Arbiol

F. Hernandez-Ram&#xed;rez

A. Cirera

J. R. Morante

Shrinkage Effects of the Conduction Zone in the Electrical Properties of Metal Oxide Nanocrystals: The Basis for Room Temperature Conductometric Gas Sensor

The present paper compares three different kinds of semiconductor gas sensing
materials: metal oxides (MOX), hydrogen-terminated diamond (HD), and hydrogenated
amorphous silicon (a-Si:H). Whereas in MOX materials oxygen is the chemically reactive
surface species, HD and a-Si:H are covalently bonded semiconductors with hydrogenterminated
surfaces. We demonstrate that these dissimilar semiconductor materials exhibit
the same kind of low-temperature gas response. This low-temperature response-mechanism
is mediated by a thin layer of adsorbed water with the semiconductor materials themselves
acting as pH sensors. In this adsorbate-limited state the gas sensitivity is limited to
molecular species that can easily dissolve in <svg style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:28.7875px;" id="M1" height="14.6" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 28.7875 14.6" width="28.7875"  xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
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				<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">H</tspan>
			</text>

			<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-62.92,60.37)">
				<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0">2</tspan>
			</text>

			<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-58.05,63.5)">
				<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">O</tspan>
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	</g>
</svg> and subsequently undergo electrolytic
dissociation. At higher temperatures, where a closed layer of adsorbed water can no longer
exist, the gas response is limited by direct molecule-semiconductor interactions. In this
latter mode of operation, MOX gas sensors respond to adsorbed gases according to their
different oxidising or reducing properties. Hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H), on the
other hand, exhibits a significantly different cross sensitivity profile, revealing that gas-surface
interactions may largely be restricted to analyte molecules with lone-pair and
electron-deficient three-centre orbitals.

A. Helwig

G. M&#252;ller

G. Sberveglieri

M. Eickhoff

On the Low-Temperature Response of Semiconductor Gas Sensors

Theoretical approaches to receptor function and response of semiconductor gas sensor are described, following the illustrations of some relevant key issues such as tunneling transport. Depletion in small semiconductor crystals is characterized by the occurrence of new type depletion (volume depletion) after conventional one (regional depletion), and inclusion of both types makes it possible to formulate the receptor function and response to oxygen (air base), oxidizing gas (nitrogen dioxide), and reducing gas (hydrogen). The equations derived theoretically using physical parameters of the semiconductor side and chemical parameters of the gases side appear to reproduce satisfactorily the sensing behavior to the aforementioned gases as well as the influence of changes in physical parameters such as grain size and donor density. Extension to the semiconductor crystals dispersed with surface electron-traps shows that the traps act as a sensitizer to promote sensor response.

Noboru Yamazoe

Kengo Shimanoe

Receptor Function and Response of Semiconductor Gas Sensor

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have received considerable attention in the field of electrochemical sensing, due to their unique structural, electronic and chemical properties, for instance, unique tubular nanostructure, large specific surface, excellent conductivity, modifiable sidewall, high conductivity, good biocompatibility, and so on. Here, we tried to give a comprehensive review on some important aspects of the applications of CNT-based electrochemical sensors in biomedical systems, including the electrochemical nature of CNTs, the methods for dispersing CNTs in solution, the approaches to the immobilization of functional CNT sensing films on electrodes, and the extensive biomedical applications of the CNT-based electrochemical sensors. In the last section, we mainly focused on the applications of CNT-based electrochemical sensors in the analysis of various biological substances and drugs, the methods for constructing enzyme-based electrochemical biosensors and the direct electron transfer of redox proteins on CNTs. Because several crucial factors (e.g., the surface properties of carbon nanotubes, the methods for constructing carbon nanotube electrodes and the manners for electrochemical sensing applications) predominated the analytical performances of carbon nanotube electrodes, a systematical comprehension of the related knowledge was essential to the acquaintance, mastery and development of carbon nanotube-based electrochemical sensors.

Chengguo Hu

Shengshui Hu

Carbon Nanotube-Based Electrochemical Sensors: Principles  and  Applications  in  Biomedical  Systems

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<p><em>Journal of Sensors</em> publishes research focused on all aspects of sensors, from their theory and design, to the applications of complete sensing devices.</p>


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<p>Chief Editor, Professor Harith Ahmad, is currently the director of the Photonics Research Center, University of Malaya, Malaysia. His current research is in the exploration of various 2D and 3D nanomaterials for optoelectronics applications.</p>


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Journal of Sensors publishes research focused on all aspects of sensors, from their theory and design, to the applications of complete sensing devices.

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Journal of Sensors

Nanomaterials for Chemical Sensing Technologies

Nanomaterials for Chemical Sensing Technologies

Articles

Porphyrin-Based Nanostructures for Sensing Applications

Ozone Sensor for Application in Medium Voltage Switchboard

A Review of Carbon Nanotubes-Based Gas Sensors

Electrochemical Sensing System Utilizing Simazine-Imprinted Polymer Receptor for the Detection of Simazine in Tap Water

Sb-SnO₂-Nanosized-Based Resistive Sensors for NO₂ Detection

On Mass Loading and Dissipation Measured with Acoustic Wave Sensors: A Review

Shrinkage Effects of the Conduction Zone in the Electrical Properties of Metal Oxide Nanocrystals: The Basis for Room Temperature Conductometric Gas Sensor

On the Low-Temperature Response of Semiconductor Gas Sensors

Receptor Function and Response of Semiconductor Gas Sensor

Carbon Nanotube-Based Electrochemical Sensors: Principles and Applications in Biomedical Systems

Journal of Sensors

Nanomaterials for Chemical Sensing Technologies

Nanomaterials for Chemical Sensing Technologies

Articles

Porphyrin-Based Nanostructures for Sensing Applications

Ozone Sensor for Application in Medium Voltage Switchboard

A Review of Carbon Nanotubes-Based Gas Sensors

Electrochemical Sensing System Utilizing Simazine-Imprinted Polymer Receptor for the Detection of Simazine in Tap Water

Sb-SnO2-Nanosized-Based Resistive Sensors for NO2 Detection

On Mass Loading and Dissipation Measured with Acoustic Wave Sensors: A Review

Shrinkage Effects of the Conduction Zone in the Electrical Properties of Metal Oxide Nanocrystals: The Basis for Room Temperature Conductometric Gas Sensor

On the Low-Temperature Response of Semiconductor Gas Sensors

Receptor Function and Response of Semiconductor Gas Sensor

Carbon Nanotube-Based Electrochemical Sensors: Principles and Applications in Biomedical Systems

Sb-SnO₂-Nanosized-Based Resistive Sensors for NO₂ Detection