UV-Induced Skin Cancer Knowledge, Sun Exposure, and Tanning Behavior among University Students: Investigation of an Opportunity Sample of German University Students

Table 1

Overview of topics included in the questionnaires to assess knowledge about skin cancer and sun protection among students.

Skin cancer

Risk factors

Ultraviolet radiation

Sun protection measures

Epidemiology

Signs or symptoms (e.g., moles and body spots)

Lethality and cure rate (e.g., SSE and therapy)

UVR exposure

Sunburn (incl. childhood sunburn)

Intentional (outdoor) tanning (incl. tanorexia)

Indoor tanning or sunbeds (incl. so-called benefits)

Heredity (incl. family history of skin cancer)

Skin phototype

Photosensitizing drugs

Peak hours and peak months

Further adverse effects (e.g., photoaging; not: sunburn)

Positive effects (e.g., vitamin D)

General knowledge (e.g., UVI and ozone layer)

Sun protection measures (e.g., shade, clothes, hat)

Sunscreen knowledge (e.g., on meaning of SPF)

Sunscreen usage (e.g., indication and application)

References found in the initial literature search (December 31, 2018)

Vail-Smith and Felts 1993 [42]

x

x

x

x

x

Jerkegren et al. 1999 [43]

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

Gillani et al. 2001 [44]

x

x

x

x

x

x

Knight et al. 2002 [45]

x

Cottrell et al. 2005 [46]

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

Hymowitz et al. 2006 [47]

x

x

Dennis et al. 2009 [48]

x

x

x

x

Patel et al. 2010 [49]

x

x

x

Felts et al. 2010 [26]

x

x

x

Castilho et al. 2010 [50]

x

x

Spradlin et al. 2010 [51]

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

Mahmoodabad et al. 2011 [52]

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

Wołosik et al. 2012 [53]

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

Isvy et al. 2013 [54]

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

Day et al. 2013 [55]

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

Gao et al. 2014 [56]

x

x

x

x

Yilmaz et al. 2015 [23]

x

x

Zuba et al. 2016 [21]

x

x

x

x

x

x

Othman Bahakim et al. 2016 [57]

x

x

x

Rodriguez-Gambetta et al. 2016 [58]

x

x

x

x

Uğrlu et al. 2016 [59]

x

x

x

Awadh et al. 2016 [60]

x

x

Urasaki et al. 2016 [61]

x

x

x

x

Basch et al. 2017 [62]

x

x

Ivanov et al. 2018 [27]

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

Celik et al. 2018 [28]

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

Haney et al. 2018 [63]^†

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

Rasul et al. 2018 [64]

x

x

x

x

Additional references found in the lastly updated literature search (January 21, 2021)

Almuqati et al. 2019 [20]

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

Iglesias-Puzas et al. 2019 [18]

x

x

x

x

x

Memon et al. 2019 [65]

x

x

x

Ponce et al. 2019 [19]

x

x

x

x

x

Dallazem et al. 2019 [22]

x

x

x

x

x

Gunarić et al. 2019 [66]

x

x

x

x

x

x

Byrne and Markham 2020 [29]

x

x

x

x

x

Kalil et al. 2020 [67]

x

x

x

x

SPF = sun protection factor; SSE = skin self-examination; UVI = UV index. x = topic included in questionnaire. ^† = Haney et al. 2018 [63] used the Turkish version of the “Skin Cancer and Sun Knowledge Scale” in their study.