Validity and Reliability of Elbow Range of Motion Measurements Using Digital Photographs, Movies, and a Goniometry Smartphone Application

Table 2

Interobserver reliability (ICC) and mean difference (∆) and 95% CI (in degrees) of UG, photography, and movie and smartphone application measurements.

		UG	Photography	Movie	Smartphone application
Flexion	ICC (95% CI); ∆ (95% CI) (°)	0.41 (0.07-0.65); 5 (2.8 to 7.2)	0.83 (0.65-0.92); 1 (0.1 to 1.9)	0.86 (0.75-0.92); 1 (0.1 to 1.9)	0.66 (0.45-0.81); 2 (-0.5 to 4.5)
Extension	ICC (95% CI); ∆ (95% CI) (°)	0.65 (0.43-0.80); 1 (-0.5 to 2.5)	0.93 (0.88-0.96); 0 (-0.9 to 0.9)	0.88 (0.77-0.93); 1 (-0.2 to 2.2)	0.56 (0.31-0.74); 2 (-0.2 to 4.2)
Pronation	ICC (95% CI); ∆ (95% CI) (°)	0.40 (0.11-0.63); 2 (-1.4 to 5.4)	0.90 (0.76-0.95); 3 (1.5 to 4.5)	0.82 (0.56-0.91); 3 (1.5 to 4.5)	0.55 (0.29-0.73); 3 (-1.3 to 7.3)
Supination	ICC (95% CI); ∆ (95% CI) (°)	0.71 (0.51-0.83); 0 (-2.2 to 2.2)	0.89 (0.77-0.94); 2 (0.5 to 3.5)	0.96 (0.93-0.98); 1 (0.1 to1.9)	0.48 (0.20-0.67); 1 (-2.7 to 4.7)