Abstract
A simple, precise, rapid, and economic method was developed for the simultaneous determination of Ibuprofen and Phenylephrine HCl in bulk and combined dosage form. This method involves first-order derivative spectroscopy using 248 nm and 237 nm as zero crossing points for Ibuprofen and Phenylephrine HCl, respectively. For spectrophotometric method 0.1 N NaOH was used as a solvent. The linearity was established over the concentration range of 12–72 μg/mL and 1.5–22 μg/mL for Ibuprofen and Phenylephrine HCl with correlation coefficient () of 0.9972 and 0.9981, respectively. The mean % recoveries were found to be in the range of 98.88% and 98.54% for Ibuprofen and Phenylephrine HCl, respectively. Interday and intraday studies showed repeatability of the method. The method was found to be specific and robust. The method was successfully applied to pharmaceutical formulation, with no interference from excipients as indicated by the recovery study. Results of analysis were validated statistically and by recovery studies.
1. Introduction
The 2-arylpropionic acid derivative, Ibuprofen [RS-2-(4-isobutyl-phenyl) propionic acid], is one of the most potent orally active antipyretic, analgesic, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID)s used extensively in the treatment of acute and chronic pain, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and related conditions. This compound is characterized by a better tolerability compared with other NSAIDs [1]. Ibuprofen contains a chiral carbon atom on the propionic acid side-chain; therefore it exists as two enantiomers. It is usually marketed as a 50 : 50 mixture of the S- and R-enantiomers, even if it is known that the pharmacological activity is due almost exclusively to the S-enantiomer [2].
Phenylephrine Hydrochloride is [(R)-2-methylamino-1-(3-hydroxyphenyl) ethanol hydrochloride] and used as alpha-adrenergic, sympathomimetic agent as well as vasoconstrictor with little effect on the myocardium or the central nervous system. The literature survey revealed that spectrophotometry [1], RP-HPLC [2], electrophoresis [3], and liquid chromatography [4] methods have been reported for the estimation of phenylephrine hydrochloride in pharmaceutical formulations. The combination of Ibuprofen (IBU) and Phenylephrine HCl (PHE) is available as a tablet formulation in the ratio 200 : 10 mg IBU : PHE.
RP-HPLC, HPTLC, and spectrophotometric methods for estimation of Ibuprofen (IBU) in combination with other drugs are reported [5–10]. The literature survey also revealed the report of RP-HPLC, HPTLC, and spectrophotometric methods for estimation of Phenylephrine HCl (PHE) in combination with other drugs [11–15]. As, no UV Spectrophotometric method was developed for the simultaneous estimation of Ibuprofen and Phenylephrine Hydrochloride, so the aim of the study was to develop and validate first-order derivative UV spectrophotometric method for simultaneous estimation of Ibuprofen and Phenylephrine Hydrochloride in bulk and combined dosage form. Chemical structures of IBU and PHE are included in Figure 1.
(a)
(b)
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Reagents and Chemicals
Analytically pure Ibuprofen and Phenylephrine Hydrochloride were used. Tablets of Ibuprofen and Phenylephrine Hydrochloride in combine dosage form with 200 mg IBU and 10 mg PHE label claim were procured.
2.2. Instrument
The spectrophotometer used for study is Shimadzu UV/Vis 1800 double beam spectrophotometer with wavelength accuracy (0.3 nm), 1 cm matched quartz cells, and UV probe 2.35 software was used for all the spectral measurements. Calibrated analytical balance Denver SI234, Germany, was used for weighing purpose. All statistical calculations were carried out using Microsoft excel 2010 analytical tool.
2.3. Materials
Standard sample of Ibuprofen and Phenylephrine HCl was provided by college. Tablets of Ibuprofen and Phenylephrine Hydrochloride in combined dosage form with 200 mg IBU and 10 mg PHE label claim was procured.
2.4. Solvent
An amount of 0.1 N NaOH was used as solvent. AR grade NaOH was used.
2.5. Preparation of Standard Stock Solution
Accurately weighed quantity of IBU and PHE 10 mg was transferred into 10 mL volumetric flask, dissolved, and diluted up to mark with 0.1 N NaOH. Standard stock solutions of IBU (1000 μg/mL) and PHE (1000 μg/mL) were obtained which were used for the analysis.
3. Procedure
3.1. First-Order Derivative Spectroscopy
In this method solutions of IBU and PHE were prepared separately by appropriate dilution of standard stock solution and scanned in the spectrum mode from 400 nm to 200 nm. The absorption spectra thus obtained were derivatized to first order. From the spectra of both drugs IBU and PHE (Figure 2), wavelengths were selected for quantitation, 237 nm for IBU (zero cross for PHE) and 248 nm for PHE (zero cross for IBU). The calibration curves for IBU and PHE were plotted in the concentration range of 12–72 μg/mL and 1.5–22 μg/mL, respectively. The concentration of the individual drug present in the mixture was determined against the calibration curve in quantitation mode.
3.2. Analysis of Tablet Formulation
Twenty tablets were weighed and average weight was calculated. The tablets were triturated to obtain fine powder. Tablet powder equivalent to 30 mg of IBU and 1.5 mg PHE was transferred to 50.0 mL volumetric flask, 30 mL 0.1 N NaOH solution was added, ultrasonicated for 10 minutes, and volume was made up to the mark with the same. From this target concentration prepared was 30 ppm and 1.5 ppm. The concentrations of both IBU and PHE were determined by measuring the absorbance of the sample at 237 nm and 248 nm in first-order spectrum mode, respectively. The results of the tablet analysis were calculated against the calibration curve in quantitation mode.
4. Validation
Method validation parameters like linearity, intraday and interday precision, limit of detection, limit of quantification, accuracy, specificity, and robustness were performed as per ICH guidelines.
4.1. Linearity
Linearity was observed over a concentration range 12–72 μg/mL and 1.5–22 μg/mL for IBU and PHE, respectively, when measured at the wavelengths 237.0 nm (ZCP of PHE) and 248 nm (ZCP of IBU). Calibration curves were constructed for IBU and PHE by plotting absorbance versus concentrations at both wavelengths. Each reading was average of three determinations.
4.2. Accuracy (% Recovery)
Accuracy of the developed method was confirmed by recovery study as per ICH guidelines at three different concentration levels of 80%, 100%, and 120% by replicate analysis (). Here to a preanalysed sample solution, standard drug solutions were added and then percentage drug content was calculated. The recovery study indicates that the method is accurate for quantitative estimation of Ibuprofen and Phenylephrine HCl in tablet dosage form as the statistical results are within the acceptance range (S.D. < 2.0).
4.3. Precision
The intraday and interday precision study of IBU and PHE was carried out by estimating different concentrations of IBU (24, 36, and, 48 μg/mL) and PHE (6, 10, and, 14 μg/mL), three times on the same day and on three different days, and the results are reported in terms of % RSD.
4.4. Limit of Detection and Limit of Quantification
The limit of detection (LOD) and the limit of quantification (LOQ) of the drug were derived from the calibration curves by using the following equations as per International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines: where is the standard deviation of the response, and is Slope of calibration curve.
4.5. Specificity
The specificity of an analytical method is ability to measure accurately an analyte in presence of interferences like synthetic precursor, excipients, degradants, or matrix component. Comparison of first derivative UV spectrum of standard mixture and formulation shows specificity of method. The derivative spectrophotometric method is able to access the analyte in presence of excipients, and, hence, it can be considered specific.
4.6. Robustness
The robustness of an analytical method is a measure of its capacity to remain unaffected by small but deliberate variations in method parameters and provides an indication of its reliability during normal usage.
5. Results and Discussion
For this method, 237.0 nm (zero crossing point of PHE) and 248 nm (zero crossing point of IBU) of first-order derivative spectra were selected for the analysis. Linear relationship was obtained over the range of 12–72 μg/mL and 1.5–22 μg/mL for Ibuprofen and Phenylephrine HCl, respectively (Figures 3 and 4). The correlation coefficients for IBU and PHE were found to be 0.9972 and 0.9981, respectively.
Absorption of IBU at ZCP of PHE and absorption of PHE at ZCP of CAF was taken (Figures 5 and 6). The % assay S.D. were found to be for IBU & for PHE, respectively (Table 1). No interference was observed from the pharmaceutical excipients. For IBU and PHE the percent recovery found was 98.54%–100.88% and 98.79%–101.66%, respectively (Table 2). The intraday precision and interday precision were expressed in terms of relative standard deviation (RSD). For intraday and interday precision % RSD for IBU and PHE was found to be satisfactory. The interday precision at three concentration levels () on three different days was also evident with a low % RSD providing ruggedness of the method. The method is found to be specific (Figure 7). Also, small but deliberate changes do not affect the method, so method was found to be Robust (Table 3). Results of all validation parameters are shown in Table 4. Hence, the proposed method was evaluated statistically and was validated in terms of linearity, accuracy, precision and ruggedness. The present work provides an accurate and sensitive method for the analysis of IBU and PHE in bulk and tablet formulation.
6. Conclusion
Based on the results obtained, it was found that the proposed method is accurate, reproducible, and economical and can be employed for routine quality control of Ibuprofen and Phenylephrine HCl in bulk and its dosage form.
Acknowledgment
The authors are heartily thankful to P.G. Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sardar Patel University (Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat, India), for funding entire project and providing the necessary facilities for research work.