Abstract
A new, simple, rapid, sensitive, accurate, and affordable spectrofluorimetric method was developed and validated for the estimation of ganciclovir in bulk as well as in marketed formulations. The method was based on measuring the native fluorescence of ganciclovir in 0.2 M hydrochloric acid buffer of pH 1.2 at 374 nm after excitation at 257 nm. The calibration graph was found to be rectilinear in the concentration range of 0.25–2.00 μg mL−1. The limit of quantification and limit of detection were found to be 0.029 μg mL−1 and 0.010 μg mL−1, respectively. The method was fully validated for various parameters according to ICH guidelines. The results demonstrated that the procedure is accurate, precise, and reproducible (relative standard deviation <2%) and can be successfully applied for the determination of ganciclovir in its commercial capsules with average percentage recovery of 101.31 ± 0.90.
1. Introduction
Ganciclovir, 9-[(1,3-dihydroxy-2-propoxy) methyl]guanine, is a well-known anti-viral agent. It is an acyclic nucleoside analogue of 2-deoxy guanosine that inhibits replication of herpes virus, with substantially increased antiviral activity against cytomegalovirus (CMV) [1, 2]. CMV infections are the main cause of morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised patients, mainly in those with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), congenital immunod-eficiency, or in individuals following organ transplantation [3]. In these patients ganciclovir is one of the preferred drugs for treatment.
An extensive review of the literature has not revealed any simple spectrofluorimetric method for the estimation of ganciclovir in the pure form and in pharmaceutical dosage forms. Several high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and few radioimmunoassay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays have been reported for the quantification of this drug [4]. Most of these methods are developed to quantify ganciclovir in biological fluids like plasma, serum, and tissues [5–12]. There are also few reports dealing with the application of HPLC in the estimation of ganciclovir in bulk and pharmaceuticals [13, 14], but these methods are moderately sensitive and have significant disadvantages due to the high cost, large number of steps, and lengthy time required to obtain final quantitative results.
In this study, a spectrofluorimetric method was developed for estimation of ganciclovir, as it can estimate analytes at very low concentrations of nanogram level and is fast and economic for routine analysis. In the developed method, no extraction step was utilized, thus reducing the time and error involved in the estimation. The proposed method was fully validated according to ICH guidelines, and successfully applied for the determination of the drug in its capsules.
2. Experimental
2.1. Apparatus
A Shimadzu (Japan) Spectrofluorophotometer Model RF-5301PC equipped with xenon lamp and 3 mm quartz cells was used for the estimation process. pH measurements were made with Eutech pH Meter (India).
2.2. Materials and Reagents
Ganciclovir was provided by Ranbaxy Laboratories Limited, Gurgaon, India, as a generous gift sample. Commercial product Ganguard capsules (labeled to contain 250 mg ganciclovir per capsule) were obtained from a local drug store. All other chemicals and reagents used were of analytical grade.
2.3. Stock and Standard Solution
A stock solution of 100.0 μg mL−1 of ganciclovir was prepared in water. A standard solution of 5.0 μg mL−1 of the drug was prepared further by dilution with 0.2 M hydrochloric acid buffer (pH 1.2) medium. The stock solution was found to be stable for at least 1 week when kept in the refrigerator.
2.4. Construction of Calibration Curve
Aliquots of ganciclovir working standard solution were transferred into a series of 2 mL centrifuge tubes to make nine different sets of final concentrations of 0.25–2.00 μg mL−1 and were diluted to the mark with hydrochloric acid buffer of pH 1.2 and mixed well. The fluorescence intensities were measured at 374 nm after excitation at 257 nm. The relative fluorescence intensities (RFI) were plotted against the final concentration of the drug (μg mL−1) to get the calibration curve, and the corresponding regression equation was derived.
2.5. Validation of the Method
2.5.1. Linearity
To establish linearity of the proposed method, nine separate series of solutions of the drug (0.25–2 μg mL−1 in the hydrochloric acid buffer of pH 1.2) were prepared from the stock solution and analyzed. Least square regression analysis was done for the obtained data. ANOVA test (one-way) was performed based on the fluorescence intensity values observed for each drug concentration during the replicate measurement of the standard solutions.
2.5.2. Limit of Quantification and Limit of Detection
The limit of quantification (LOQ) and limit of detection (LOD) were determined according to ICH Q2 (R1) recommendations [15]. LOQ and LOD were calculated as 10 × and 3.3 × , respectively, where is the standard deviation of -intercept of regression equation and is the slope of the calibration curve.
2.5.3. Accuracy and Precision
As a part of determining, the accuracy of the proposed method, different levels of drug concentrations, namely, low quality control (LQC), medium quality control (MQC), and high quality control (HQC), were prepared from independent stock solution and analyzed (). Accuracy was assessed as the percentage relative error and mean percentage recovery for each of the quality control samples.
Repeatability was determined by using different levels of drug concentrations prepared from independent stock solution and was analysed (). Interday and intraday variation and instrument variation were taken to determine intermediate precision of the proposed method. Different levels of drug concentrations in triplicate were prepared, three different times in a day, and studied for intraday variation. Same protocol was followed for three different days to study interday variation (). The relative standard deviation (RSD) (in %) of the predicted concentrations from the regression equation was taken as the measure of precision.
2.5.4. Specificity
Drug concentration of 1 μg mL−1 was prepared independently from pure drug stock and commercial sample stock in selected medium and was analysed (). Paired -test and variance ratio test at 95% level of significance were performed to compare the means of percent recovery values.
2.5.5. Robustness
Robustness was examined by evaluating the influence of small variation in the experimental parameters on the analytical performance of the method. It was determined by (a) changing pH of the medium by ±0.2 units and (b) stability of ganciclovir in the selected medium at room temperature for 48 hours. Three different concentrations (LQC, MQC, and HQC) were prepared in the media with different pH, and mean percentage recovery was determined for each sample.
2.6. Assay Procedure for Capsules
Ten capsules were weighed, and their contents were taken and thoroughly mixed. Amount of the powder equivalent to 50 mg of ganciclovir was taken, mixed with the selected medium to prepare a 100 μg mL−1 concentration, sonicated for 30 minutes, and filtered through Whatman filter paper number 40. The filtrate was suitably diluted to prepare a 1 μg mL−1 concentration in the medium. The procedure described under “construction of calibration curve” was followed. The nominal content of the capsules was calculated using the regression equation.
3. Results and Discussion
Ganciclovir was found to exhibit intense native fluorescence in 0.2 M hydrochloric acid buffer (pH 1.2) at 374 nm after excitation at 257 nm (Figure 1).
3.1. Effect of pH on Fluorescence
The influence of pH on the native fluorescence intensity of ganciclovir was studied. The results showed that the native fluorescence intensity of ganciclovir decreased with increasing the pH of the buffer up to 12.0 (Figure 2). Therefore, 0.2 M hydrochloric acid buffer pH 1.2 could be used for ganciclovir determination as it showed maximum and stable fluorescence intensity at this pH.
3.2. Validation of the Method
The validity of the method was checked by testing linearity, sensitivity, limit of detection, limit of quantitation, specificity, accuracy, precision, and robustness according to ICH recommendations
3.2.1. Linearity
Using the above procedures it was found that there is a linear relationship between RFI and concentrations over the range of 0.25–2.00 μg mL−1. Linear regression analysis of the data gave the equation RFI = 3.5 + 267 × , where is the final concentration of ganciclovir in μg mL−1. Statistical evaluation of the regression data for ganciclovir was performed, and the resultant standard deviation of the residual (), standard deviation of the intercept (), and standard deviation of the slope () are given in Table 1. The very low values of these parameters point out low scattering of the points around the calibration curve, thus, indicating the high accuracy and high precision of the method. Goodness of fit of regression equation was supported by high regression coefficient value of 1.0 and less calculated value.
3.2.2. LOQ and LOD
The LOQ was found to be 0.029 μg mL−1, and the LOD was found to be 0.010 μg mL−1, depicting the sensitivity of the proposed method.
3.2.3. Accuracy and Precision
Accuracy (given as % relative error) ranged from 1.00% to 1.64%, (Table 2). The mean percentage recoveries of nearly 100% and low % RSD values for lower, intermediate, and higher concentrations revealed that any small change in the drug concentration in the solution can be accurately determined by this proposed method. The validity and reliability of the proposed method were evaluated by recovery studies of standard addition method (Table 3). In the intraday and interday precision study, the % RSD values were found to be very small indicating reasonable repeatability of the proposed method (Table 4).
3.2.4. Specificity
The specificity of the proposed method was proven by the ability to determine ganciclovir in its capsules without interference from the common excipients. The emission spectrum of pure drug sample was matching the marketed formulation sample in the selected medium. The calculated value and variance ratio value were found to be less than those of the critical values, indicating that statistically there was no significant difference between mean fluorescence intensity of solutions prepared from pure drug sample and commercial formulation sample (Table 5).
3.2.5. Robustness
It was found that none of the variables significantly affected the performance of the method as the recovery values were found to be from 97.84% to 101.94% (Table 6). Also the ganciclovir solution in the selected medium exhibited no changes in spectra and intensity for 48 hours when kept at room temperature. This provides an indication of the reliability and stability of the proposed method during the routine analysis.
3.3. Application of the Method
The proposed method was successfully applied to the analysis of ganciclovir in commercial capsules. The assay values of ganciclovir in the formulation ranged from 100.29% to 101.98% of the claimed amount with standard deviation of not more than 1.22 as shown in Table 5.
4. Conclusions
The proposed spectrofluorimetric method for the determination of ganciclovir was found to be sensitive, rapid, and simple. The method was validated and proven to be selective, accurate, precise, and robust, so it could be used for estimation of ganciclovir in bulk, pharmaceutical formulations, and different dissolution samples.
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests with any financial/commercial organization regarding the material discussed in the paper.
Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful to Ranbaxy Laboratories Limited (Gurgaon, India) for the gift sample of ganciclovir and the Department of Science and Technology (DST)-INSPIRE Program, New Delhi, India, for the financial support.