The Chemical States of Color-Induced Cations in Tourmaline Characterized by X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy

Table 1

Different binding configurations, estimated atomic percentages, and occupancy site of Fe, Mn, Cr, and Ni.

(a)

	Fe^3+—O	Fe^3+—O+OH	Fe^3+—O(—Na)	Fe^3+—F	Site
Pink	66%	/	34%	/	Z
Yellow	65%	/	35%	/	Z
Green	/	82%	/	18%	Y
Rose red	/	100%	/	/	Z
Blue	48%	43%	/	9%	Y

(b)

	Mn^2+—O	Mn^2+—F	Site
Pink	/	100%	Y
Green	100%	/	Z
Rose red	41%	59%	Y
Blue	/	100%	Y

(c)

	Cr^3+—O	Cr^3+—O(—B)	Site
Pink	64%	36%	Z
Yellow	60%	40%	Z
Blue	/	100%	Z

(d)

	Ni^2+—O	Ni^2+—O(—Al)	Site
Yellow	/	100%	Y
Green	100%	/	Z
Rose red	/	100%	Y