Abstract
The microstructure and mineral composition of the gangue play a decisive role in the precipitation of heavy metal elements. In this study, the microstructure, mineral composition, and precipitation of heavy metal elements of coal gangue with different weathering degrees were analyzed through electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and static immersion leaching experiments. The following results were derived. (1) After the weathering of the coal gangue, its compactness and integrity changed significantly. The coal gangue structure transformed from relatively dense to relatively loose, and the development of large pores and fractures changed from basically no development to significant development. (2) After weathering, the contents of kaolinite and illite significantly increased, while that of feldspar significantly decreased. Coal gangue contains a small amount of Mn, Cu, Zn, Ti, Ba, Cl, and other elements. After weathering, the contents of each element were reduced. (3) Under the same conditions, a higher number of heavy metal elements precipitated from the weathered coal gangue than from the fresh coal gangue. The results of this research have significant importance in revealing the precipitation mechanism of heavy metals from coal gangue and in perfecting the theory of underground water environmental protection during solid backfilling mining.
1. Introduction
In addition to containing a large number of major elements including C, Si, Al, Fe, Ca, and Mg, coal gangue also contains a variety of trace heavy metal elements. Under long-term weathering and rain leaching, these heavy metal elements cause pollution in the groundwater, surface water, and soil. In the fully mechanized solid backfilling coal mining, the bottom-well environment is relatively closed, dark, and humid, while the ground stress and terrestrial heat are high. In addition, the overlying cap rock fracture development and coal mining process will result in mine water emission; thus, the coal gangue fillings in the goaf are consequently always immersed in a water environment [1–3]. After long-term mine-water leaching and soaking, the heavy metal elements and inorganic salts in this part of the coal gangue will be released after dissolving in water. Under certain conditions, these elements will migrate in the goaf and floor areas with the flow of mine water and may penetrate into the underlying aquifers, causing a potentially significant impact on the groundwater environment. Some of the coal gangue used in solid backfilling coal mining is fresh, that is, just out of the well or obtained directly from sorting at the downhole; however, some is weathered gangue obtained from the ground gangue hill after long-time weathering [4, 5]. The microstructures and mineral compositions of fresh and weathered coal gangue are different and play a decisive role in the precipitation of heavy metal elements. Therefore, it is important to study these two features at different weathering degrees to reveal the precipitation mechanism of heavy metal elements in coal gangue and to improve the theory of groundwater environmental protection for solid backfilling in coal mining.
In recent years, domestic and foreign scholars have conducted a series of useful fundamental research on the microstructure of coal gangue, its mineral components, and precipitation mechanism of heavy metal elements in coal gangue. Wu [6] analyzed the microstructure of different solid backfilling materials through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and then studied the internal mechanism of compaction deformation. Li and Wu [7] performed X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis on clay minerals and found that the chemical weathering in this area was obvious, and significant development of clay minerals was observed in the weathered rock. Shang et al. [8] analyzed the mineral composition of weathered granite through XRD. Li [9] performed a 40-day static immersion leaching test on coal gangue with different weathering degrees in the Huangling number 1 mine in northern Shaanxi. He measured the concentration and pH of seven types of trace elements including Cu, Zn, Cr, and Pb in the leaching solution. Li et al. [10] performed dynamic leaching tests on four types of coal gangue with different particle sizes in the Pingdingshan number 12 mine, Henan Province, and monitored the concentration of heavy metal elements Zn, Mn, and Cd in the leaching solution. Their results showed that the content of heavy metal elements in the leaching solution is inversely proportional to the coal gangue particle size. However, no research has been conducted on the precipitation of heavy metal ions of coal gangue by considering different weathering degrees under leaching conditions. In this paper, electron microscopy, XRD, and static immersion leaching experiments were performed to reveal the precipitation mechanism of heavy metal elements of coal gangue with different weathering degrees under leaching conditions from two aspects: microstructure and mineral composition of the coal gangue.
2. Influence of Coal Gangue Backfilling on the Groundwater Environment
The coal goaf area is a long-term relatively closed, dark, and humid environment. Influenced by the mining depth, geothermal and mine water, and other effects, this area is a relatively closed environment of high stress, where temperature is generally higher than the normal temperature (i.e., the temperature of a part of the goaf area affected by geothermal heat can reach 303.15 K~313.15 K or above). In addition, water can seep out because of the development of fractures in the overlaying cap rock; during the development of coal seam, the coal gangue filled into the goaf will always be immersed in a water environment. After long-term mine water leaching and soaking, the heavy metal elements and inorganic salts in this part of the coal gangue will be released after dissolving in water. Under certain conditions, these elements will migrate in the goaf and floor areas with the flow of mine water and may penetrate into the underlying aquifers, causing a potentially significant impact on the groundwater environment, as shown in Figure 1.
3. Test Equipment and Material Selection
3.1. Main Test Equipment
The test was completed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffractometer, and inductively coupled plasma (ICP) atomic emission spectroscopy. The current study analyzed the compactness of coal gangue with different weathering degrees by using an FEI Quanta™ 250 scanning electron microscope. This study qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed the mineral and chemical compositions of coal gangue with different weathering degrees through a D/Max-3B X-ray diffractometer [11, 12] (produced by Japan Rigaku Corporation). The incident light was Cu target Kα radiation (λ = 1.5406 Å), the X-ray tube operation voltage was 35 kV, the current was 30 mA, and the slit width was 1°. Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) atomic emission spectroscopy was used to determine the major, trace, and ultratrace element contents in various substances (which can be dissolved in hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, hydrofluoric acid, etc.). This instrument can be used for analyzing solid and liquid sample elements, such as rock soil, alloy materials, chemical raw materials, inorganic and organic products, water samples, foodstuffs, plants, animals, and oils.
3.2. Selection of Test Materials
In this study, the gangue to be filled in the Pingdingshan 12 coal mine was selected as the main research object. The gangue mined out from the well was used as the fresh coal gangue and that on the surface of the gangue hill was used as the weathered coal gangue. The “snake sampling method” was used to determine 20 sampling points, after mixing the samples of each sample point, sampling through the “cone quartering” method, and then repeating these steps once again.
4. Analysis of Gangue Compactness Based on SEM
The sample compactness was analyzed through SEM, and the SEM images of fresh and weathered coal gangue were obtained under different resolution conditions, as shown in Figures 2 and 3.
(a) 80 times—general picture
(b) 160 times—enlarged
(c) 600 times—enlarged
(d) 800 times—enlarged
(a) 80 times—general picture
(b) 160 times—enlarged
(c) 250 times—enlarged
(d) 360 times—enlarged
Figures 2 and 3 show that the structure of fresh coal gangue is relatively dense, the surface is uneven, and there are no development of large pores or fractures. In contrast, the structure of the gangue becomes relatively loose after weathering, it was uneven, and there was obvious development of large pores and fractures. After the weathering, the compactness and integrity of the gangue were observed to change significantly; this would have an important influence on the precipitation of heavy metal elements under the leaching condition.
5. XRD Analysis of Heavy Metal Elements in the Gangue
5.1. Mineral Composition Characterization
The equipment used in this test is a D/Max-3B type X-ray diffractometer manufactured by Japan Rigaku Corporation. The test conditions were as follows: Cu target Kα radiation and graphite-bending crystal monochromator. The slit system comprised a 1° divergence slit (DS), a 1° receiving slit (RS), a 0.15 mm antiscattering slit (SS), and a 0.6° monochromator slit (RSM). Here, the X-ray tube voltage was 35 kV and the X-ray tube current was 30 mA. In the qualitative analysis process, the scanning mode was continuous with a scanning speed of 8°/min and a sampling interval of 0.02°. In the quantitative analysis process, the step scanning method was used with a scanning speed of 0.25°/min and sampling interval of 0.01°.
The qualitative analysis was conducted using a standard material powder diffraction file (PDF) provided by the International Center for Diffraction Data (JCPDS-ICDD) and was analyzed according to standard analytical methods. The analytical standards used in the quantitative analysis were in accordance with the K-value method in the Chinese standard (GB5225--86). The XRD patterns of the fresh and weathered coal gangue are shown in Figures 4 and 5, respectively, and the mineral composition of each sample is shown in Table 1.
(a) Sample number 1
(b) Sample number 2
(a) Sample number 1
(b) Sample number 2
The experimental results showed that the mineral compositions of fresh and weathered coal gangue were not significantly different, and the major components are quartz and kaolinite, between which the proportion of kaolinite was the largest, that is, 33% and 42%, respectively. The components also include illite, illite-montmorillonite mixed layer, and a small amount of chlorite, siderite, pyrite, and other minerals. The amorphous components may be coal or other substances based on the analysis. After weathering, the kaolinite and illite content in gangue increased significantly from 33% and 5% to 42% and 15%, respectively. In other words, the contents increased by 27.3% and 200%, respectively. The content of feldspar significantly decreased from the original 20% to 5%; the decline rate is 75%. The minerals generated through coal gangue weathering were observed to be mainly kaolinite and illite, which are obtained from feldspar decomposition.
5.2. Chemical Compositions
Table 2 shows the analysis results of the chemical composition of fresh and weathered coal gangue, respectively.
Table 2 shows that in the material composition of coal gangue, SiO2 is the main component with high content, accounting for 59.9% and 53.7% of the fresh and weathered coal gangue, respectively. The secondary element is Al2O3, accounting for 20.7% and 17.6% of fresh and weathered coal gangue, respectively. The contents of SiO2, Al2O3, and S in the weathered coal gangue are lower than those in the fresh coal gangue, and the content of P is slightly increased. The chemical elements also contain a small amount of Mn, Cu, Zn, Ti, Ba, and Cl. Among these elements, the content of Mn is the highest, that is, 0.054% and 0.043% in fresh and weathered gangue, respectively. The contents of each element in the coal gangue are reduced after weathering.
5.3. Screening of the Potential Water Pollution Component in Coal Gangue
The quality assessment criteria for water quality involve pollutant limits, which are a key indicator of whether coal gangue has an impact on the water quality. According to the status quo of groundwater quality in China, the standard of human health, and environmental protection target of groundwater quality and based on the highest water quality requirement of drinking, industrial, and agricultural water, the groundwater quality is divided into five categories. Class I mainly reflects the natural low background content of the chemical composition of groundwater. Class II mainly reflects the natural background content of the chemical composition of groundwater. Class III is based on the human health reference value, which is mainly applicable to the centralized drinking water source as well as to the agricultural and industrial water. Class IV class is based on agricultural and industrial water requirements but can further be used in drinking water after appropriate treatment. Class V is not suitable for drinking; other types of water applications can be selected according to the usage purpose. The supplementary material available online at https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/3128549 shows the classification index of the groundwater quality in China.
According to the current evaluation criteria of water environment quality and the test results of coal gangue composition, the main potential pollution components were determined as Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, As, Be, Hg, Se, Ca, and Na.
6. Precipitation Mechanism of Heavy Metal Elements in Coal Gangue Backfilling
The coal gangue filled in the goaf is subject to mine water leaching and soaking or actions of other media. As a result, the heavy metals and inorganic salt components are dissolved in water and can be released from the coal gangue. In this study, the release mechanisms of the heavy metal elements in coal gangue with different weathering degrees were analyzed at different alkaline conditions by using a coal gangue soaking test method under indoor temperature. The concentration of heavy metal ions that precipitated from the coal gangue was used as the detection index, and the distilled water with the initial pH value of 7 was used as the basic solution.
6.1. Experimental Design of Static Immersion Leaching of Coal Gangue
6.1.1. Experimental Design
To study the precipitation and release characteristics of heavy metal elements Mn, Cu, Zn, Pb, and Cr in the coal gangue with different weathering degrees under different pH conditions, an orthogonal experiment was designed (Table 3). To ensure accuracy of the test data, each test was repeated three times.
6.1.2. Experimental Procedures
The particle size of gangue fillings used in solid backfilling coal mining is generally not more than 50 mm. To make the precipitation of the potential pollution components more intuitive, samples of single-particle-size-grade coal gangue were obtained from the Pingdingshan 12 mine for this experiment. The gangue freshly mined out of the Pingdingshan 12 mine was used as the fresh coal gangue, and the gangue from the waste gangue hill was used as the weathered coal gangue. First, the gangue was broken, and the gangue with a diameter of 20–30 mm was selected through a grading screen (see Figure 6), and then, the gangue was inserted into the incubator, dried for 24 h at 105°C, and finally placed in a jar and sealed to be used as the test sample.
A certain amount of coal gangue samples was weighed and placed in a large-capacity plastic bucket. Leaching solutions with pH = 5, 7, and 9 were added. The solid–liquid volume ratios were maintained at 1 : 10 and remained unchanged. Aliquots were removed every 10 d for sampling. Next, the solution was stirred for 1 h before sampling, and then, the stirring was stopped. After settlement, a clear supernatant, which was the test solution, was obtained. The test solution was put into a bottle, sealed, and labeled. After the solutions were collected, the collected solution was detected using an ICP atomic emission spectrometer. After the detection, the residual waste liquid was collected for centralized processing treatment. Eighteen test solutions were collected for this test.
6.2. Analysis of Experimental Results of the Static Immersion Leaching of Coal Gangue
The precipitation of heavy metal elements in the coal gangue under different pH conditions shows similar trends. Owing to the limitation of space, this paper only analyzed the Mn element as an example; the results of which are shown in Figure 7.
(a) Fresh gangue
(b) Weathered gangue
The following observations are derived from Figure 7. (1)The precipitation of heavy metal elements under different pH conditions shows similar trends. The precipitation process is divided into three stages: the presoaking, soaking, and end-of-the-soaking stages. The dissolution release rate in the early stage of immersion is very fast, mainly because of the development of pores, the ability of pores to pass through each other, the large specific surface area of pores; after the solution is immersed in the pores, it can be fully contacted with the gangue and easily flow, resulting in heavy metal elements of coal gangue with a faster dissolution and release rate; then, the dissolution release rate relatively slows in the middle of the soaking process, mainly because coal gangue particles are dissolved or even broken by the interaction between coal gangue and immersion solution, so decreased pores hinder the flow of the solution with the immersion time and the decreased specific surface area between the solution and the pores result in a decreased dissolved release rate of heavy metal elements. And the dissolution release rate tends to be stable toward the end of the soaking. The concentration of heavy metal elements in the soaking solution gradually increases with the immersion time, while the precipitation rate gradually decreases.(2)Under the same conditions, the heavy metal elements that precipitated from the weathered coal gangue were obviously higher than those that precipitated from the fresh coal gangue. When the pH value is 5, the concentration of Mn ion in the soaking solution was 5.686 mg/L for the fresh gangue after 60 d of leaching. In contrast, the concentration of Mn ion in the soaking solution is 25.138 mg/L for the weathered gangue after the same leaching period; this is 4.4 times that of the fresh coal gangue. This is mainly because of the relatively loose structure and significant development of coarse holes and fractures of coal gangue after weathering; this significantly increased the contact area of the gangue and the solution in the immersion process and promotes the precipitation of heavy metal ions in coal gangue.(3)The degree of pollution risk to the groundwater environment when using the weathered coal gangue as a filling for the goaf area is obviously higher than that when using the fresh gangue. Thus, the gangue, which is as fresh as possible, should be selected during backfilling to reduce the impact on groundwater environment.
7. Conclusions
(1)The compactness and integrity of coal gangue change remarkably after weathering. The structure of the fresh coal gangue is relatively dense, and large pores and fractures are not developed. The structure of the weathered gangue is relatively loose, with obvious development of large pores and fractures.(2)The mineral compositions of fresh and weathered coal gangue are not significantly different. In addition, the main components are quartz and kaolinite, along with some illite, illite-montmorillonite mixed layer, and a small amount of chlorite, siderite, pyrite, and so forth. The content of kaolinite and illite after coal gangue weathering was significantly increased, while the content of feldspar significantly decreased.(3)In the composition of coal gangue, SiO2 is the main component, followed by Al2O3. The content of SiO2, Al2O3, and S in the weathered coal gangue was lower than that in the fresh coal gangue, while the content of P was slightly higher. Chemical elements contain a small amount of Mn, Cu, Zn, Ti, Ba, Cl, and other elements, among which the content of Mn is the highest. Moreover, the contents of each element in coal gangue reduced after weathering.(4)Under the same conditions, the heavy metal elements precipitated from the weathered coal gangue are obviously higher than those precipitated from the fresh coal gangue. This is mainly because of the relatively loose structure and significant development of coarse holes and fractures of coal gangue after weathering, which significantly increases the contact area of gangue and the solution in the immersion process and promotes the precipitation of heavy metal ions in the coal gangue.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
Acknowledgments
The financial support for this work was provided by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (2015XKMS001) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (no. 51774269).
Supplementary Materials
Groundwater quality classification index (China).