Beyond Genetics in Glioma Pathways: The Ever-Increasing Crosstalk between Epigenomic and Genomic Events

Table 1

Cellular pathways deregulated in gliomas and associated epigenetic events through promoter hypermethylation, CpGs hypomethylation, and histone alterations leading to modified chromatin states.

Cellular pathway	Genes in gliomas deregulated by hypo/hypermethylation/histone modification
Ras signaling	RASSF1A, RRP22, DIRAS3
Cell migration and adherence	NECL1, E-cadherin, SLIT2, EMP3, TIMP3
Wnt signaling	WIF1, FZD9, IGFBP-3, SFRP family, PEG3
Tyrosine kinase pathways	KIT, SYK, c-ROS
Transcription factors	SOX2, KLF4, GATA 6, ATOH1
Homeobox genes	HOXA 9, HOXA10, HOXA11
Sonic hedgehog signaling	PTCH1, Cyclin D2, Plakoglobin, PAX6, NKX2.2
Notch signalling	NEURL1, HES1, HEY1
BMP developmental pathway	BMPR1B
Hypermutator pathways	hMLH1, hPMS2, MGMT, WRN
Apoptosis	TMS1, DAPK1, CASP8, DR4, DR5
TP53/cell cycle	HIC-1, CDKN2A, RB1, p16^INK4a
MicroRNAs	miR-124a, miR-21, miR-7, miR-137, miR128