Journal of Toxicology

Review Article

Metal Toxicity at the Synapse: Presynaptic, Postsynaptic, and Long-Term Effects

Table 6

TargetAlAsCdHgPb
EffectConcentrationRefEffectConcentrationRefEffectConcentrationRefEffectConcentrationRefEffectConcentrationRef
Pumps Ca2+ ATPase↓in vitro 10 mg/kg/day Al3+ [1]
Protein SynthesisNMDAR NR1↕ dev.750 ppm PbAc[13]
↑ dev.750 ppm PbAc[14]
NMDAR NR2A↓ dev.750 ppm PbAc[13]
↓ dev.750 ppm PbAc[14]
NMDAR NR2B↕ dev.750ppm PbAc[13]
↕ dev.750 ppm PbAc[14]
Enzymes CaM↓in vitro 10 mg/kg/day Al3+[1]↓in vivo 6 mg/kg/day CdCl2[15]↑ in vitro 30 μM Pb2+ [21]
↓in vitro IC50 —15 μM AlCl3[3]↓in vitro IC50 —0.47 mM CdCl2[8]
↓in vitro AlCl3 —240 μM[9]↓in vitro 10 nM CdCl2[4]
PKC↓in vitro 10 mg/kg/day Al3+[1]↓in vitro IC50 —1.5 μM Hg; IC50 — 0.2 2μM CH3Hg[2]↓ dev.0.1% PbAc[5]
↓in vivo 0.3% AlSO4 for 4 months[18]↓in vitro IC50 —0.08 μM HgCl2; IC50 —1.32 μM CH3Hg; IC50 —0.90 μM C6H5Hg+[7]↓in vitro IC50 —2.12 μM PbAc[10]
↓in vivo 10 mg MeHg/kg [16]↓in vivo 1500 ppm PbAc[17]
↑ in vitro 10−13 to 4 × 10−4 M PbAc[19]
↓in vitro > 4 × 10−4 M PbAc
NOS↓in vivo 2.5% AlSO4 for 3–5 weeks[20]↓in vivo 37 ppm NaAsO2 [6]↓in vitro 100 μM CdCl2 [11]↓in vivo 125 ppm PbAc[12]
↓dev.3% AlSO4[27]↓ dev.0.2 % PbAc[22]
↓in vitro IC50—0.36 Pb2+[11]
CaMK II↓dev.1500 ppm PbAc[25]
CaMK IV↓in vivo 4 ppm As2O3 for 60 days[23]
Transcription factorsP38 MAPK↑ in vitro 5–100 μM CdCl2[28]↑ in vitro 5 μM Pb2+ [30]
ERK1/2 pho-sphorylation↑ in vitro 100–200 μM CdCl2 [28]↑dev.2 mg/kg/day PbAc[30]
↑ in vitro 5 μM Pb2+[30]
CREB phospho-rylation↓ dev.1500 ppm PbAc[29]
Julka and Gill [20], Nihei and Guilarte [56], Guilarte and McGlothan [57], Vig et al. [58], Sandhir and Gill. [59], Siegel and Haug [60], Cox and Harrison [61], Levi et al. [62], Ohtani-Kaneko et al. [63], Rajanna et al. [64], Xu et al. [65], Inoue et al. [66], Rajanna et al. [64], Saijoh et al. [67], Nihei et al. [68], Johnson et al. [69], Coppi et al. [70], Hermenegildo et al. [71], Zarazua et al. [72], Mittal et al. [73], García-Arenas et al. [74], Chetty et al. [75], Llansola et al. [76], Wang et al. [77], Toscano et al. [78], Rigon et al. [79], Cordova et al. [80], Toscano et al. [81].