A Systematic Review of Carcinogenic Outcomes and Potential Mechanisms from Exposure to 2,4-D and MCPA in the Environment

Table 9

Summary of evaluations of cellular interactions of 2,4-D.

Study type	Result	Reference
In vivo
Micronucleus formation
Human lymphocytes	−	Figgs et al. [201]
Human lymphocytes	+	Holland et al. [21]
Mouse bone marrow	−	IARC [29]
Replicative Index
Human lymphocytes	++	Holland et al. [21]
Human lymphocytes	++	Figgs et al. [201]
Sister chromatid exchange (SCE) and chromosomal aberrations
Chinese hamster bone marrow	+	Linnainmaa [19]
Rat lymphocytes	−	Linnainmaa [19]
Human lymphocytes	+	Turkula and Jalal [192]
Human lymphocytes	−	Mustonen et al. [193]
Rat lymphocytes	−	Mustonen et al. [153]
Somatic and germ cells in mice	+	Madrigal-Bujaidar et al. [182]
Chicken embryos	++	Arias [212]
Mouse bone marrow and spermatocytes	+	Amer and Aly [179]
Unscheduled DNA Synthesis (UDS)
Han Wistar rat	−	Charles et al. [181]
Cell transformation/cytotoxicity
Increased CD8-DR in humans	+	Faustini et al. [200]
In vitro
Micronucleus formation
Mouse bone marrow	−	Charles et al. [185]
Human lymphocytes	−	Holland et al. [21]
Human lymphocytes	++	Zeljezic and Garaj-Vrhovac [199]
Mouse bone marrow	−	Schop et al. [180]
Sister chromatid exchange (SCE) and chromosomal aberrations
Human lymphocytes	++	Korte and Jalal [191]
Human lymphocytes	+	Mustonen et al. [193]
Human lymphocytes	++	Zeljezic and Garaj-Vrhovac [199]
Human lymphocytes (SCGE) smoker	+	Sandal and Yilmaz [198]
Human lymphocytes (SCGE) nonsmoker	−	Sandal and Yilmaz [198]
Human fibroblasts	+	Clausen et al. [194]
Rat lymphocytes	−	Mustonen et al. [153]
Rat lymphocytes	−	Gollapudi et al. [18]
Chinese hamster ovary	−	Linnainmaa [19]
Chinese hamster ovary (SCGE)	++	González et al. [186]
Syrian hamster embryo (SCGE)	++	Maire et al. [188]
Chinese hamster ovary (SCGE)	−	Sorensen et al. [187]
Hair follicle nuclear aberration (mouse)	+	Schop et al. [180]
Unscheduled DNA Synthesis (UDS)
Rat hepatocytes	−	Charles et al. [181]
Human fibroblasts	−	Jacobi and Witti [195]
Replicative index
Chinese hamster ovary	−	González et al. [186]
Cell transformation
upregulation of c-Myc RNA in SHE	++	Maire et al. [188]
bcl2 and bax expression in SHE	−	Maire et al. [188]
Colony-forming ability in human fibroblasts	+	Clausen et al. [194]
Polyamine biosynthesis in CHO	+	Rivarola and Balegno [189]
Induction of apoptosis in human lymphocytes	+	Kaioumova et al. [170]
Induction of apoptosis in human lymphocytes	+	Tuschl and Schwab [197]

Notes. ⁺Weak effect (not statistically significant or statistically significant but at in vivo concentrations exceeding renal clearance mechanisms or systemic toxicity); ⁺⁺significant effect; ⁻no effect.