Genotoxicity of Copper and Nickel Nanoparticles in Somatic Cells of Drosophila melanogaster
Table 2
Genotoxicity data obtained from the Drosophila wing-spot test experiments with copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) and microparticles (CuMPs). Results from mwh/flr3 wings.
Compound, concentration (mM)
Small single spots (1-2 cells) (m = 2)
Large single spots (>2 cells) (m = 5)
Twin spots (m = 5)
Total spots (m = 2)
Frequency of clone formation per 105 cells
No
Fr
D
No
Fr
D
No
Fr
D
No
Fr
D
CuNPs
Control
22
0.28
3
0.04
1
0.01
26
0.33
1.35
0.1
29
0.36
i
5
0.06
i
1
0.01
i
35
0.44
i
1.80
1
26
0.33
-
4
0.05
i
3
0.04
i
33
0.41
i
1.68
5
34
0.43
i
5
0.06
i
0
0.00
39
0.49
i
2.01
EMS
1
205
2.56
+
59
0.74
+
41
0.51
+
337
4.21
+
17.25
CuMPs
Control
21
0.26
2
0.03
1
0.01
24
0.30
1.23
1
26
0.33
i
1
0.01
i
3
0.04
i
30
0.38
i
1.56
5
30
0.38
i
2
0.03
i
3
0.04
i
35
0.44
i
1.80
10
30
0.38
i
0
0.00
4
0.05
i
34
0.43
i
1.76
EMS
1
227
2.84
+
37
0.46
+
40
0.50
+
322
4.03
+
16.52
No: number of spots, Fr: frequency, D: statistical diagnosis, +: positive, -: negative, i: inconclusive, m: multiplication factor, probability levels, = = 0.05; 80 wings were analysed for each concentration (40 individuals).
