Zirconium Oxychloride as a Novel Mordant for Natural Dyeing of Wool Yarns

Table 8

Wash fastness and light fastness properties of zirconium-treated madder dyed wool yarns with filtered and unfiltered solution dye.

Sample	Wash fastness			Light fastness
	Wash fastness	Staining on wool	Staining on cotton	After 2 days	After 7 days
ZrOCl2-formic acid^a	4-5	4-5	4-5	5	4-5
ZrOCl2-hydrochloric acid^b	4-5	4-5	4-5	5	5
ZrOCl2-formic acid^c	5	5	5	5	4-5
ZrOCl2-hydrochloric acid^d	5	5	5	5	5
Untreated wool	3-4	3-4	3-4	3-4	3-4

aWool treated with 9.74% ZrOCl₂, 9.6% citric acid, and 6.3% formic acid at 95°C and dyed with unfiltered madder dye solution.
bWool treated with 8.96% ZrOCl₂, 9.85% citric acid, and 9.01% hydrochloric acid at 92°C and dyed with unfiltered madder dye solution.
cWool treated with 9.74% ZrOCl₂, 9.6% citric acid, and 6.3% formic acid at 95°C and dyed with filtered madder dye solution.
dWool treated with 8.96% ZrOCl₂, 9.85% citric acid, and 9.01% hydrochloric acid at 92°C and dyed with filtered madder dye solution.