Review Article

Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 and Haemozoin: Wedding Rings for Human Host and Plasmodium falciparum Parasite in Complicated Malaria

Table 1

Substrates of MMP-9 that might be critical to complicated severe malaria.

MMP-9 substrateFunctional classificationEffect of MMP-9 proteolytic activityReferences

Pro-TNFCytokine proformShedding[63]
Pro IL-1betaCytokine proformActivation[64]
IL-1betaCytokineDegradation[65]
Pro-TGF-betaCytokine proformActivation[66]
GRO-alpha/CXCL1ChemokineDegradation[67]
PF-4/CXCL4ChemokineDegradation[67]
ENA-78/CXCL5ChemokineTransient potentiation, further inhibition[68]
GCP-2/CXCL6ChemokineNo effects[68]
NAP-2/CXCL7ChemokineDegradation[67]
IL-8/CXCL8ChemokinePotentiation[67]
MIG/CXCL9ChemokineInhibition[69]
IP-10/CXCL10ChemokineDegradation[69]
SDF-1/CXCL12ChemokineInhibition[70]
ICAM-1Cell surface proteinInhibition[71]
IL-2R-alphaCell surface proteinInhibition[72]
OccludinIntercellular junctionDegradation[73]
ZO-1Intercellular junctionDegradation[74]
ZO-2Intercellular junctionDegradation (hypothesis)[75]
Claudin-1Intercellular junctionDegradation[76]
Claudin-2Intercellular junctionDegradation (hypothesis)[77]
Claudin-4Intercellular junctionActivation (hypothesis)[78]
Claudin-5Intercellular junctionDegradation (to be further investigated)[79]
Syndecan-1Structural proteinShedding[80]
MBPStructural proteinDegradation[81]
Beta-dystroglycanStructural proteinDegradation[82]