Review Article
Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 and Haemozoin: Wedding Rings for Human Host and Plasmodium falciparum Parasite in Complicated Malaria
Table 1
Substrates of MMP-9 that might be critical to complicated severe malaria.
| MMP-9 substrate | Functional classification | Effect of MMP-9 proteolytic activity | References |
| Pro-TNF | Cytokine proform | Shedding | [63] | Pro IL-1beta | Cytokine proform | Activation | [64] | IL-1beta | Cytokine | Degradation | [65] | Pro-TGF-beta | Cytokine proform | Activation | [66] | GRO-alpha/CXCL1 | Chemokine | Degradation | [67] | PF-4/CXCL4 | Chemokine | Degradation | [67] | ENA-78/CXCL5 | Chemokine | Transient potentiation, further inhibition | [68] | GCP-2/CXCL6 | Chemokine | No effects | [68] | NAP-2/CXCL7 | Chemokine | Degradation | [67] | IL-8/CXCL8 | Chemokine | Potentiation | [67] | MIG/CXCL9 | Chemokine | Inhibition | [69] | IP-10/CXCL10 | Chemokine | Degradation | [69] | SDF-1/CXCL12 | Chemokine | Inhibition | [70] | ICAM-1 | Cell surface protein | Inhibition | [71] | IL-2R-alpha | Cell surface protein | Inhibition | [72] | Occludin | Intercellular junction | Degradation | [73] | ZO-1 | Intercellular junction | Degradation | [74] | ZO-2 | Intercellular junction | Degradation (hypothesis) | [75] | Claudin-1 | Intercellular junction | Degradation | [76] | Claudin-2 | Intercellular junction | Degradation (hypothesis) | [77] | Claudin-4 | Intercellular junction | Activation (hypothesis) | [78] | Claudin-5 | Intercellular junction | Degradation (to be further investigated) | [79] | Syndecan-1 | Structural protein | Shedding | [80] | MBP | Structural protein | Degradation | [81] | Beta-dystroglycan | Structural protein | Degradation | [82] |
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