Interaction of Ziziphus mucronata subsp. mucronata Methanol Extract and First-Line Antibiotics is Synergistic In Vitro through Production of Reactive Oxygen Species

Table 4

Antibacterial and effects of combining methanolic extract of Z. mucronata with different antibiotics in vitro.

Organisms used	ZMM MIC (µg/mL)	TET MIC (µg/mL)	ZMM/TET MIC (µg/mL + µg/mL)	AMX MIC (µg/mL)	ZMM/AMX MIC (µg/mL + µg/mL)	MET MIC (µg/mL)	ZMM/MET MIC (µg/mL + µg/mL)	ERY MIC (µg/mL)	ZMM/ERY MIC (µg/mL + µg/mL)
Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538	568.18	7.10	284.1/14.20	28.41	284.1/14.20	14.20	284.1/14.20	5.68	568.1/5.68
Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212	568.18	3.55	141.82/7.10	7.10	71.02/1.78	28.41	568.18/28.41	2.84	17.73/0.18
Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 10031	568.18	0.44	0.05/0.03	1.78	35.51/0.89	28.41	141.82/7.10	0.089	0.28/0.003
Proteus vulgaris ATCC 6830	568.18	7.10	17.73/0.89	227.27	71.02/3.55	56.82	568.18/28.41	22.73	568.18/5.68
Bacillus subtilis KZN	568.18	1.78	35.51/0.89	56.82	568.18/28.41	28.41	284.1/14.20	5.68	284.1/2.84
Proteus vulgaris KZN	568.18	7.10	284.1/14.20	1.78	17.73/0.44	56.82	284.1/14.20	11.36	284.1/2.84
Enterococcus faecalis KZN	284.1	14.20	284.1/14.20	0.89	17.73/0.44	56.82	284.1/14.20	11.36	35.51/0.36
Staphylococcus aureus OK2a	284.1	0.89	0.0005/0.03	113.64	71.02/3.55	56.82	284.1/14.20	0.18	4.44/0.044
Staphylococcus aureus OK2b	568.18	1.78	17.73/0.89	14.20	71.02/3.55	113.64	284.1/14.20	11.36	284.1/2.84
Shigella sonnei ATCC 29930	141.82	1.78	0.05/0.03	454.55	0.05/0.03	56.82	71.02/3.55	0.36	0.28/0.003
Organisms used	ZMM MIC (µg/mL)	CIP MIC (µg/mL)	ZMM/CIP MIC (µg/mL + µg/mL)	NAL MIC (µg/mL)	ZMM/NAL MIC (µg/mL + µg/mL)	KAN MIC (µg/mL)	ZMM/KAN MIC (µg/mL + µg/mL)	CHL MIC (µg/mL)	ZMM/CHL MIC (µg/mL + µg/mL)
Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538	568.18	0.018	71.02/0.002	28.41	284.1/14.20	1.78	35.51/0.44	1.78	7.10/3.55
Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212	568.18	0.284	141.82/0.142	28.41	568.18/28.41	113.63	284.1/14.20	1.78	35.51/1.78
Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 10031	568.18	0.071	35.51/0.018	3.55	71.02/3.55	14.20	17.73/3.55	1.78	8.88/0.44
Proteus vulgaris ATCC 6830	568.18	0.071	35.51/0.018	1.78	71.02/3.55	28.41	141.82/7.10	7.10	35.51/1.78
Bacillus subtilis KZN	568.18	0.018	8.88/0.005	7.10	71.02/3.55	3.55	7.10/2.84	3.55	35.51/1.78
Proteus vulgaris KZN	568.18	0.284	141.82/0.142	56.82	568.18/28.41	7.10	568.18/28.41	0.89	284.1/14.20
Enterococcus faecalis KZN	284.1	0.284	284.1/0.284	56.82	284.1/14.20	454.55	568.18/28.41	28.41	284.1/14.20
Staphylococcus aureus OK2a	284.1	0.071	71.02/0.002	28.41	284.1/14.20	14.20	17.73/3.55	7.10	17.73/0.89
Staphylococcus aureus OK2b	568.18	0.018	35.55/0.018	56.82	284.1/14.20	28.41	7.10/2.84	7.10	35.51/1.78
Shigella sonnei ATCC 29930	141.82	0.018	71.02/0.002	14.20	284.1/14.20	28.41	141.82/7.10	7.10	17.73/0.89

ADD = additive; ANT = antagonistic; IND = indifference; SYN = synergy; ZMM = methanolic extract of Z. mucronata; TET = tetracycline; AMX = amoxicillin; MET = metronidazole; ERY = erythromycin; KAN = kanamycin; NAL = nalidixic acid; CIP = ciprofloxacin; CHL = chloramphenicol; REM = remarks.