Blood Lead Levels among Blood Donors and High-Risk Occupational Groups in a Mining Area in Ghana: Implications for Blood Transfusion among Vulnerable Populations
Table 5
Logistic regression model showing factors influencing elevated blood lead levels.
Variable
OR (80% CI)
value1
aOR (95% CI)
value2
Sex
Female
1.0
Male
1.1 (0.8–1.4)
0.3057
Age group (years)
18–26
1.0
27–35
0.6 (0.3–1.1)
0.3050
0.18 (0.3–2.5)
0.682
36-44
0.5 (0.2–0.9)
0.1500
0.76 (0.2–3.6)
0.733
>45
0.3 (0.1–0.8)
0.105
0.68 (0.1–4.6)
0.700
Haemoglobin concentration < 11.0g/dl
No
1.0
Yes
1.2 (0.9–1.3)
0.2208
Occupational group
Blood donors
1.0
Fuel attendants
0.3 (0.1–0.5)
0.2978
0.3 (0.1–0.7)
0.4814
Small scale miners
2.7 (0.9–11.4)
0.0046
2.2 (0.5–21.6)
0.0086
Auto-mechanics
Predicts elevated BLL
Painters/sprayers
Predicts elevated BLL perfectly
Occupation (unexposed versus exposed)
Blood donors
1.0
Exposed occupations
4.53 (2.64–7.75)
<0.001
3.58 (1.29–9.95)
0.014
Marital status
Married
1.0
Unmarried
2.0 (1.2–3.3)
0.090
1.60 (0.5–5.3)
0.4370
Pipe borne water
No
1.0
Yes
2.1 (1.1–3.8)
0.1139
1.6 (0.6–3.9)
0.3860
Years employed
<1 year
1.0
1–10 years
0.5 (0.1–2.0)
0.5340
> 10 years
0.8 (0.1–3.9)
0.8240
Well/borehole
No
1.0
Yes
1.5 (0.8–2.3)
0.3890
Cooking with gas
No
1.0
Yes
0.5 (0.2–1.0)
0.2048
0.7 (0.2−1.9)
0.6053
Where OR is the unadjusted odds ratio and aOR is the adjusted odds ratio
