Thyroid Hormone and Tissue Repair: New Tricks for an Old Hormone?

Table 1

Accumulating experimental evidence shows that thyroid hormone may play a critical role for the repair after injury in several tissues and organs.

Study	Type of treatment	Tissue	Type of injury	Outcome
Shulga et al.; 2009 [18]	Treatment with T4 after injury	Mouse hippocambal slices	Mechanical injury	Increased number of neurons, reduced caspase-3 activation, and increased axonal regeneration
Hiroi et al. 2006 [19]	Treatment with T4 after ischemia	Mouse central nervous system	Transient focal ischemia	Reduced cerebral infarct volume, and improved neurological deficit score
Fernandez et al. 2004 [20]	Treatment with T4 after injury	Rat nervous system	Chronic demyelinating inflammatory disease	Enhancement of remyelination
Papakostas et al. 2009 [21]	Treatment with T3 after injury	Rat sciatic nerve	Nerve transection	Increased recovery of sensory function
Panaite and Barackat-Walter 2010 [22]	Treatment with T3 after injury	Rat sciatic nerve	Nerve transection	Increased number of regenerated axons, improved muscle reinnervation
Fernández et al.; 2007 [23]	Pretreatment with T3	Rat Liver	Ischemia-reperfusion	Reduced injury (serum AST and ALT levels)
Ferreyra et al. 2009 [24]	Pretreatment with T3	Rat kidney	Ischemia-reperfusion	Reduced proteinuria
Erkan et al. 2003 [25]	Pretreatment with T4	Rabbit proximal tubule cells	Anoxia reoxygenation	Better preservation of cellular structure
Sutter et al. 1988 [26]	Treatment with T4 after ischemia	Rat kidney	Ischemia-reperfusion	Improved kidney function, preserved cellular morphology
Verga Falzacappa et al. 2011 [27]	Contemporary T3 treatment	Mouse pancreas	Streptozocin-induced toxicity	Increased number, shape, and dimension of islets, increased insulin and glucagon levels
Verga Falzacappa et al. 2012 [28]	Contemporary T3 treatment	Rat ovarian granulosa cells	Chemotherapy induced toxicity	Increased number of survived cells, reduced apoptosis
Bhargava et al. 2008 [29]	Pretreatment with T3	Rat lung	Hyperoxia injury	Increased alveolar fluid clearance
Pantos et al. 2011 [16]	Treatment with T3 after ischemia	Rat heart	Ischemia-reperfusion	Increased recovery of function, reduced injury and apoptosis
Pantos et al. 2009 [17]	Treatment with T3 after ischemia	Rat heart	Ischemia-reperfusion	Increased recovery of function, reduced injury
Pantos et al. 2002 [30]	Pretreatment with T4	Rat heart	Ischemia-reperfusion	Increased recovery of function
Kuzman et al. 2005 [31]	Pretreatment with T3	Neonatal rat cardiomyocytes	Serum starvation	Increased cell viability, reduced apoptosis
Chen et al. 2008 [32]	Treatment with T3 after infarction	Rat heart	Acute myocardial infarction	Improved LV function, reduced apoptosis
Dentice et al. 2010 [33]	Treatment with T3 after injury	Mouse skeletal muscle	Mechanical injury	Improved muscle regeneration
Marsili et al. 2011 [34]	Induction of D2-increased T3	Mouse skeletal muscle	Skeletal muscle injury	Improved muscle regeneration
Fukuyama et al. 2006 [35]	Treatment with T3 after injury	Rat carotid artery	Mechanical injury	Attenuation of VSMC proliferation and neointimal formation
Safer et al. 2004 [36]	Treatment with T3 after injury	Mouse skin	Wound	Accelerated wound healing, increased keratinocyte proliferation
Kassem et al. 2012 [37]	Local T3 treatment	Guinea pig skin	Wound	Reduction in the wound surface area