Prevalence and Predictors of Thyroid Dysfunction in Patients with HIV Infection and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome: An Indian Perspective
Table 1
Clinical, biochemical, and thyroid function profile of males as compared to females with HIV infection.
Parameter
Males ()
Females ()
value
Age (years)
39 49
35 39
0.001
Duration of HIV infection (months)
58 168
53 137
0.333
Body mass index
21.64 (4.88)
22.91 (4.09)
0.016
History of tuberculosis
97 (43.11%)
48 (35.82%)
0.173
History of opportunistic fungal infections
4 (1.78%)
0
—
History of viral infections
7 (3.11%)
1 (0.75%)
0.150
HAART
199
120
0.747
Nature of HAART
NRTI
198
120
0.654
NNRTI
193
112
0.574
PI
11
8
0.658
IRIS
99
40
0.008
CD4 cell count (at diagnosis)
168 1242
195 1922
0.001
CD4 cell count (6–12 months after diagnosis)
274 947
311 1598
0.010
CD4 cell count (at present)
389 1000
458 1355
0.001
Free T3 (pg/mL)
3.51 (0.58)
3.49 (0.72)
0.741
Free T4 (ng/dl)
0.87 (0.16)
0.87 (0.28)
0.827
TSH (mIU/L)
2.77 18.57
3.14 26.9
0.353
Anti-TPO antibody (U/mL)
31 175.75
33 164.7
0.375
Anti-TPO positivity (>50 IU/L)
9 (4%)
5 (3.73%)
0.999
Calcium (mg/dL)
9.17 (0.56)
9.19 (0.59)
0.812
Phosphate (mg/dL)
3.58 (0.59)
3.78 (0.60)
0.017
ALP (U/L)
133.2 (58.61)
118.16 (40.34)
0.045
25OHD (ng/mL)
19.22 75.70
18.99 61.5
0.097
Euthyroidism
180 (80%)
89 (66.41%)
0.004
Overt primary hypothyroidism
2
3
0.291
Subclinical hypothyroidism
31 (13.78%)
22 (16.41%)
0.495
Subclinical hyperthyroidism
0
0
—
Overt hyperthyroidism
0
2 (1.49%)
—
Sick euthyroid syndrome/central hypothyroidism
6 (2.67%)
10 (7.46%)
0.033
Low TSH with normal free T4
5 (2.22%)
6 (4.48%)
0.230
Isolated low free T4
1 (0.44%)
2 (1.49%)
0.291
All continuous variables expressed as mean (standard deviation); all nonnormally distributed variable expressed as median range; all discrete variables have been expressed as absolute numbers (percentage); Wilcoxon rank sum test was done for analysis; normally distributed continuous variables were analyzed using unpaired -test; normality checked using Kolmogorov-Smirnov test; considered statistically significant; value calculated using Chi-square test; viral infections include hepatitis-B, hepatitis-C; HAART: highly active antiretroviral therapy; NRTI: nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors; NNRTI: nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor; PI: protease inhibitors; zidovudine (AZT), lamivudine (3TC), stavudine (d4T), and/or tenofovir (TDF) were the NRTIs received by the patients; nevirapine (NVP) or efavirinez (EFV) was NNRTIs received by the patients; atazanavir (ATV) or ritonavir (RTV) was the PI received by the patients; 25OHD: 25-hydroxy-vitamin-D; IRIS: immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome; ALP: alkaline phosphate.
