Effect of Micronutrients on Thyroid Parameters

Table 2

Micronutrients with significant association with thyroid parameters.

	Less than the reference range		Within the reference range		P^a ()	Greater than the reference range		Within the reference range		P^a ()
Vitamin B2 (5.6∼126.1 mcg/L)
T4	6.7 ± 0.9	6.5 (4.9–8.6)	7.6 ± 1.6	7.4 (4.2–15.2)	0.0097	8.3 ± 1.3	8.3 (7.1–9.6)	7.6 ± 1.6	7.4 (4.2–15.2)	0.4948
Vitamin B12 (232∼1245 ng/L)
FT4	1.6 ± 0.1	1.54 (1.5–1.6)	1.3 ± 0.2	1.3 (0.8–2.1)	0.0187	1.4 ± 0.2	1.29 (0.6–1.9)	1.3 ± 0.2	1.3 (0.8–2.1)	0.2569
Folate (≥1.5 ng/mL)
TSH	5.7 ± 5.7	3.7 (1.4–19.9)	2.2 ± 1.5	1.8 (0.00–12.1)	0.0071
ATPO	80.5 ± 101	20.4 (9.4–298.6)	24.8 ± 51.6	10.7 (5.01–556.1)	0.0125
A-TG	104.8 ± 133.5	35.6 (14.6–406.3)	36.7 ± 74.1	13.47 (10–436.9)	0.0003
Vitamin D25 (30.0∼108.0 ng/mL)
T3	1.2 ± 0.3	1.1 (0.8–2.5)	1.1 ± 0.2	1.0 (0.5–3.0)	0.0006
FT3	3.3 ± 0.4	3.1 (2.4–4.6)	3.1 ± 0.5	3.0 (2.3–3.9)	0.0076
Selenium (109.8∼187.1 ng/mL)
T3	1.1 ± 0.2	1.1 (0.7–1.5)	1.1 ± 0.2	1.1 (0.5–3)	0.8132	0.81 ± 0.2	0.8 (0.6–0.8)	1.1 ± 0.2	1.1 (0.5–3)	0.0032
FT3	3.1 ± 0.3	3.0 (2.5–4.1)	3.1 ± 0.4	3.1 (1.6–6.2)	0.7107	2.4 ± 0.12	2.55 (2.2–2.5)	3.1 ± 0.4	3.1 (1.6–6.2)	0.0014
Inositol (20.5∼51.4 nmol/mL)
T4	7.9 ± 1.3	8.3 (4.6–9.7)	7.6 ± 1.6	7.4 (4.2–15.5)	0.2147	8.0 ± 1.2	7.57 (6.4–9.8)	7.6 ± 1.6	7.4 (4.2–15.5)	0.0009
T3	1.1 ± 0.2	1.07 (0.8–1.6)	1.1 ± 0.3	1.1 (0.5–3.0)	0.0535	1.2 ± 0.3	1.35 (0.6–1.5)	1.1 ± 0.3	1.1 (0.5–3.0)	0.0004
Carnitine (13.3∼39.6 nmol/ml)
T3	1.4 ± 0.7	1.20 (0.7–3.0)	1.1 ± 0.2	1.11 (0.5–2.5)	0.0310	0.9 ± 0.2	1.0 (0.6–1.1)	1.1 ± 0.2	1.11 (0.5–2.5)	0.1660
ATPO	82.9 ± 72.4	51.2 (11.3 214.6)	24.9 ± 52.8	10.6 (5–556.1)	0.0002	10.2 ± 5	8.6 (5.4–18.3)	24.9 ± 52.8	10.6 (5–556.1)	0.3046
RT3	68.8 ± 148.3	12.8 (9–461)	14.3 ± 5.6	13.4 (4.8–39.6)	0.9782	32.4 ± 19.6	23 (17.6–65.8)	14.3 ± 5.6	13.4 (4.8–39.6)	0.0029
A-TG	94.8 ± 129	32.2 (11.1–419.8)	37 ± 74.8	13.5 (10–436)	0.0050	13.1 ± 2.2	12 (11.3–16.9)	37 ± 74.8	13.5 (10–436)	0.3369
Calcium (8.9∼10.6 mg/dL)
FT3	2.9 ± 0.2	2.92 (2.6–3.3)	3.2 ± 0.5	3.1 (1.6–6.2)	0.0266	2.8 ± 0.3	2.7 (2.4–3.1)	3.2 ± 0.5	3.1 (1.6–6.2)	0.0667
Copper (0.7∼1.5 mcg/mL)
T4	7.5 ± 1.3	7.2 (5.7–10.2)	7.5 ± 1.5	7.4 (4.2–15.5)	0.9109	10.3 ± 1.9	10.5 (7.3–14.2)	7.5 ± 1.5	7.4 (4.2–15.5)	<0.0001
T3	1.1 ± 0.1	1.06 (0.9–1.3)	1.1 ± 0.2	1.1 (0.5–3.0)	0.4881	1.5 ± 0.2	1.53 (1.1–1.8)	1.1 ± 0.2	1.1 (0.5–3.0)	<0.0001
Chromium (0∼0.7 ng/mL)
FT4	1.2 ± 0.2	1.2 (0.9–1.6)	1.3 ± 0.2	1.3 (0.6–2.1)	0.0470	1.3 ± 0.1	1.3 (1.1–1.6)	1.3 ± 0.2	1.3 (0.6–2.1)	0.7680
Asparagine (30.0∼81.1 nmol/mL)
FT3	3.1 ± 0.3	3.1 (2.1–3.7)	3.1 ± 0.4	3 (1.6–6.2)	0.0170	2.8 ± 0.2	2.8 (2.6–3.1)	3.1 ± 0.4	3 (1.6–6.2)	0.3781
Glutamine (278.0∼646.8 nmol/mL)
T4	8.8 ± 2.4	7.8 (5.8–15.4)	7.5 ± 1.4	7.4 (4.2–15)	0.0232	7.1 ± 0.6	6.8 (6.5–8.1)	7.5 ± 1.4	7.4 (4.2–15)	0.5010
Serine (≥64.5 nmol/mL)
T4	6.5 ± 1.1	6.5 (4.2–8.3)	7.6 ± 1.5	7.4 (4.3–15.4)	0.0250	7.8 ± 8.5	6.5 (4.2–8.3)	7.6 ± 1.5	7.4 (4.3–15.4)	0.5798
T3	0.9 ± 0.1	0.9 (0.6–1.26)	1.1 ± 0.2	1.1 (0.5–3.0)	0.0452	1.1 ± 1.4	1.8 (0.9–1.5)	1.1 ± 0.2	1.1 (0.5–3.0)	0.9471
Valine (136.0∼309.0 nmol/mL)
T4	6.4 ± 1.2	6.7 (4.2–8.1)	7.6 ± 1.5	7.4 (4.4–15.5)	0.0156
T3	1.0 ± 0.2	1.0 (0.5–1.3)	1.1 ± 0.3	1.1 (0.6–3.0)	0.02233
Citrulline (17.0∼46.0 nmol/mL)
T4	8.4 ± 1.5	7.7 (6.0–11.5)	7.6 ± 1.6	7.3 (4.2–15.5)	0.0066
T3	1.2 ± 0.3	1.2 (0.8–1.8)	1.1 ± 0.2	1.1 (0.5–3.0)	0.0259
Arginine (32.0∼120.0 nmol/mL)
T4	7.1 ± 1.2	7.0 (4.2–9.8)	7.6 ± 1.6	7.4 (4.3–15.5)	0.0385
T3	1.1 ± 0.3	1.0 (0.5–1.9)	3.1 ± 0.5	3.0 (1.8–6.2)	<0.0001

Data are presented as the mean ± SD, median (min–max); ^aMann–Whitney U test.