Biological aging is characterized by a progressive accumulation of oxidative damage and decreased endogenous antioxidant defense mechanisms. The production of oxidants by normal metabolism damages proteins, lipids, and nucleotides, which may contribute to cognitive impairment. In this study 36 dogs were randomly divided into four groups and fed croquettes of different compositions for 6 months. We monitored derivatives of reactive oxygen metabolites (dROMs) and biological antioxidant potential (BAP) levels in dogs&#x2019; plasma samples as well as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) serum levels at the beginning and at the end of the dietary regime. Our results showed that a dietary regime, enriched with antioxidants, induced a significant decrease of plasma levels of dROMs (<svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-3.42938pt" id="M1" height="11.7782pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.34882 50.7895 11.7782" width="50.7895pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path id="g113-113" d="M570 304C570 398 525 448 414 448C385 448 343 445 312 434L329 511L321 518C297 504 262 482 244 460L233 411C195 397 159 381 128 358L135 332C160 347 189 360 224 373L111 -147C97 -210 84 -218 17 -231L13 -257L254 -247L259 -218L233 -216C183 -212 177 -202 189 -142L218 -1C238 -10 266 -12 283 -12C351 3 429 48 483 105C543 168 570 242 570 304ZM482 289C482 161 380 33 304 33C278 33 248 51 233 69L303 396C326 400 352 403 369 403C428 403 482 380 482 289Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,11.342,0)"><path id="g117-91" d="M512 -3V55L134 254V256L512 456V514L75 281V230L512 -3Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,22.605,0)"><path id="g113-49" d="M241 635C89 635 35 457 35 312C35 153 89 -12 240 -12C390 -12 443 166 443 312C443 466 390 635 241 635ZM238 602C329 602 354 454 354 312C354 172 330 22 240 22C152 22 124 173 124 313S148 602 238 602Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,28.845,0)"><path id="g113-47" d="M113 -12C146 -12 170 11 170 46C170 78 146 103 114 103S58 78 58 46C58 11 82 -12 113 -12Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,31.809,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-49"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,38.049,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-49"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,44.289,0)"><path id="g113-54" d="M153 550H386L412 615L406 623H120L82 318C104 327 142 338 184 338C294 338 347 275 347 187C347 112 305 39 221 39C160 39 119 71 97 89C88 97 80 96 71 90C59 80 50 67 49 57C48 45 52 36 66 23C80 9 123 -12 169 -12C221 -11 288 15 342 59C403 109 431 165 431 225C431 308 366 395 238 395C212 395 165 379 127 364L153 550Z"/></g></svg>) and a significant increase in BDNF serum levels (<svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-3.42938pt" id="M2" height="11.7782pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.34882 50.7895 11.7782" width="50.7895pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-113"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,11.342,0)"><use xlink:href="#g117-91"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,22.605,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-49"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,28.845,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-47"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,31.809,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-49"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,38.049,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-49"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,44.289,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-54"/></g></svg>) after six months. Thus, we hypothesized a possible role of the diet in modulating pro- and antioxidant species as well as BDNF levels in plasma and serum, respectively. In conclusion the proposed diet enriched with antioxidants might be considered a valid alternative and a valuable strategy to counteract aging-related cognitive decline in elderly dogs.

Sara Sechi

Francesca Chiavolelli

Nicoletta Spissu

Alessandro Di Cerbo

Sergio Canello

Gianandrea Guidetti

Filippo Fiore

Raffaella Cocco

An Antioxidant Dietary Supplement Improves Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Levels in Serum of Aged Dogs: Preliminary Results

This study was conducted to determine the prevalence and type of ectoparasites
				 and to identify risk factors associated with ectoparasite infestations in small ruminants
				  in and around Sekela, Northwest Ethiopia. Clinical examination and laboratory analysis were
				   made on 304 sheep and 96 goats. The collected raw data were analyzed using
				    <svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-3.7895pt" id="M1" height="15.8676pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -12.0781 13.1482 15.8676" width="13.1482pt"><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,0,0)"><path id="g113-244" d="M565 434L556 448L482 423L322 189L287 373C280 410 261 448 236 448C207 448 161 415 110 338L131 317C160 355 181 374 193 374C204 374 208 366 217 330C230 279 247 185 259 116L50 -175C18 -223 29 -260 41 -278H51C97 -198 207 -33 270 57L313 -165C328 -235 349 -261 376 -261S445 -244 510 -150L487 -127C444 -178 423 -186 411 -186C402 -186 398 -177 387 -130C371 -62 349 39 332 135C390 217 524 392 565 434Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0095,0,0,-0.0095,7.887,-5.984)"><path id="g50-51" d="M414 144C384 79 371 75 317 75H135L276 221C367 316 408 376 408 465C408 570 327 635 237 635C179 635 131 609 100 575L42 494L67 471C94 510 138 565 205 565C277 565 321 517 321 435C321 348 258 270 195 195C146 137 88 81 33 26V0H411C423 44 433 88 446 135L414 144Z"/></g></svg>-test. Out of the 400 sampled animals, 182 (45.5&#x25;) were infested
				     with one or more ectoparasites. The prevalent ectoparasites observed were lice,
				      ticks, <i>Ctenocephalides</i> species, <i>Melophagus ovinus</i>, and
				       <i>Demodex</i> species. The infestation rates of ectoparasites with age and sex were
				        significantly varied (<svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-0.6617603pt" id="M2" height="9.65971pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.99795 46.7259 9.65971" width="46.7259pt"><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,0,0)"><path id="g113-81" d="M600 480C600 590 528 650 384 650H143L137 622C222 614 225 607 210 531L130 127C113 41 106 36 23 28L17 0H294L300 28C204 36 195 42 212 127L243 284L314 263C327 263 339 263 352 264C465 271 600 337 600 480ZM508 481C508 351 402 304 329 304C289 304 265 311 250 317L295 559C302 594 310 606 323 611C335 616 350 619 367 619C455 619 508 573 508 481Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,12.15,0)"><path id="g117-91" d="M512 -3V55L134 254V256L512 456V514L75 281V230L512 -3Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,23.887,0)"><path id="g113-49" d="M241 635C89 635 35 457 35 312C35 153 89 -12 240 -12C390 -12 443 166 443 312C443 466 390 635 241 635ZM238 602C329 602 354 454 354 312C354 172 330 22 240 22C152 22 124 173 124 313S148 602 238 602Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,30.39,0)"><path id="g113-47" d="M113 -12C146 -12 170 11 170 46C170 78 146 103 114 103S58 78 58 46C58 11 82 -12 113 -12Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,33.48,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-49"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,39.983,0)"><path id="g113-54" d="M153 550H386L412 615L406 623H120L82 318C104 327 142 338 184 338C294 338 347 275 347 187C347 112 305 39 221 39C160 39 119 71 97 89C88 97 80 96 71 90C59 80 50 67 49 57C48 45 52 36 66 23C80 9 123 -12 169 -12C221 -11 288 15 342 59C403 109 431 165 431 225C431 308 366 395 238 395C212 395 165 379 127 364L153 550Z"/></g></svg>) in sheep but not in goats (<svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-0.6617603pt" id="M3" height="9.65971pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.99795 46.7259 9.65971" width="46.7259pt"><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-81"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,12.15,0)"><path id="g117-92" d="M512 230V281L75 514V456L453 256V254L75 55V-3L512 230Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,23.887,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-49"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,30.39,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-47"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,33.48,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-49"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,39.983,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-54"/></g></svg>). Body
				         condition score was not significantly associated (<svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-0.6617603pt" id="M4" height="9.65971pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.99795 46.7259 9.65971" width="46.7259pt"><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-81"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,12.15,0)"><use xlink:href="#g117-92"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,23.887,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-49"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,30.39,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-47"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,33.48,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-49"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,39.983,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-54"/></g></svg>) with ectoparasites infestation
				          in both sheep and goats. In our attempt, only two cases due to <i>Demodex</i> species were recorded in
				           sheep. In conclusion, the prevalence of ectoparasites in the present study was high and this could affect the wellbeing
				            and productivity of small ruminants. Therefore, to reduce ectoparasites prevalence and impact on the productivity and
				             health status, planning of integrated control measures with sustainable veterinary services aiming at creating
				              awareness about the importance and control of ectoparasites for livestock owners is required.

Zewdu Seyoum

Tsegaye Tadesse

Agerie Addisu

Ectoparasites Prevalence in Small Ruminants in and around Sekela, Amhara Regional State, Northwest Ethiopia

Ethnoveterinary practices are locally available and affordable to Fulani pastoralists in Niger State, Nigeria, to whom conventional veterinary services are often not readily available and are relatively expensive. This study was designed to identify and document medicinal plant and nonplant materials used by this group in the management of cattle diseases. Participatory rural appraisal tools of checklist, semistructured interview, probing, transect, and triangulations were used to assess Fulani pastoralists existing knowledge on traditional veterinary practices in nine pastoral communities spread across the state. Fifty medicinal materials and seven traditional preventive practices are in use against CBPP and other cattle disease conditions. Of these, 38 (76.0&#x25;) are medicinal plants and 12 (24.0&#x25;) are nonplant materials (edible earth materials and minerals). Family Fabaceae was most commonly mentioned while leaves were the most common parts used. Most of these materials are administered by drenching with few others mixed with feed. Proportions of plant parts used include leaves (47.4&#x25;), barks (31.6&#x25;), roots (10.6&#x25;), and 2.6&#x25; of each of rhizomes, fruits, seeds, and whole plants. Of recently used ingredients are kerosene and spent engine oil. Further research into the active ingredients of ethnoveterinary materials and dosages is necessary to guide their usage.

N. B. Alhaji

O. O. Babalobi

Participatory Epidemiology of Ethnoveterinary Practices Fulani Pastoralists Used to Manage Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia and Other Cattle Ailments in Niger State, Nigeria

Cross-sectional surveys were conducted to determine the prevalence and associated risk factors of <i>Taenia solium</i> cysticercosis in pigs within Nay Pyi Taw area, Myanmar. Meat inspection in three slaughterhouses, ELISA test, and questionnaire surveys were conducted in this study. Three hundred pigs were inspected in slaughterhouses and 364 pigs were randomly selected and examined from 203 households from three townships in Nay Pyi Taw area. The prevalence of porcine cysticercosis in meat inspection was 23.67&#x25; (71/300). Seroprevalence of <i>T. solium</i> cysticercosis in pigs in the study area was 15.93&#x25; (58/364). Significant associated risk factors with <i>T. solium</i> cysticercosis were gender (<svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-0.2401896pt" id="M1" height="9.36053pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -9.12034 50.2889 9.36053" width="50.2889pt"><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,0,0)"><path id="g190-80" d="M381 665C170 665 44 498 44 318C44 125 188 -15 369 -15C552 -15 703 117 703 333C703 534 550 665 381 665ZM359 629C491 629 601 517 601 306C601 114 502 21 390 21C249 21 146 158 146 346S248 629 359 629Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,9.998,0)"><path id="g190-83" d="M631 18C609 24 585 35 559 65C534 91 514 117 478 169C448 214 406 281 389 313C462 346 516 399 516 485C516 545 490 590 449 616C412 641 363 650 290 650H42V622C120 615 128 612 128 527V125C128 40 120 34 38 28V0H300V28C221 34 212 40 212 125V284H244C295 284 312 272 329 244C359 195 395 133 430 84C475 19 516 -3 592 -7C603 -8 615 -8 627 -8L631 18ZM212 316V563C212 591 215 602 223 607C231 613 248 617 277 617C352 617 423 577 423 469C423 415 407 375 368 345C343 324 310 316 260 316H212Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,22.266,0)"><path id="g117-34" d="M535 323V373H52V323H535ZM535 138V188H52V138H535Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,34.004,0)"><path id="g113-52" d="M285 378C315 398 338 416 353 432C373 451 384 474 384 503C384 579 325 635 236 635H235C182 635 136 610 108 579L65 516L85 496C110 533 150 575 205 575C258 575 300 543 300 481C300 407 232 369 141 339L147 310C163 315 188 321 211 321C268 321 338 284 338 192C338 94 288 40 217 40C160 40 119 68 93 91C85 98 77 97 69 91C60 84 47 71 46 58C44 46 48 35 62 22C75 10 116 -12 162 -12C234 -12 424 62 424 224C424 297 373 359 285 376V378Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,40.507,0)"><path id="g113-47" d="M113 -12C146 -12 170 11 170 46C170 78 146 103 114 103S58 78 58 46C58 11 82 -12 113 -12Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,43.596,0)"><path id="g113-49" d="M241 635C89 635 35 457 35 312C35 153 89 -12 240 -12C390 -12 443 166 443 312C443 466 390 635 241 635ZM238 602C329 602 354 454 354 312C354 172 330 22 240 22C152 22 124 173 124 313S148 602 238 602Z"/></g></svg>; 95&#x25; <svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-0.2401896pt" id="M2" height="9.36053pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -9.12034 68.7155 9.36053" width="68.7155pt"><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,0,0)"><path id="g190-68" d="M614 175C564 76 510 21 408 21C256 21 146 149 146 336C146 488 235 629 402 629C510 629 570 586 597 480L626 488C620 541 614 582 606 638C578 643 510 665 429 665C206 665 44 527 44 316C44 157 153 -15 402 -15C474 -15 558 5 586 11C604 45 629 119 643 165L614 175Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,9.01,0)"><path id="g190-74" d="M303 0V28C221 34 213 39 213 125V525C213 610 221 616 303 622V650H38V622C120 616 128 610 128 525V125C128 40 120 34 38 28V0H303Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,17.466,0)"><use xlink:href="#g117-34"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,29.203,0)"><path id="g113-50" d="M384 0V27C293 34 287 42 287 114V635C232 613 172 594 109 583V559L157 557C201 555 205 550 205 499V114C205 42 199 34 109 27V0H384Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,35.706,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-47"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,38.796,0)"><path id="g113-56" d="M447 623H65C61 580 56 530 47 475H76C100 541 106 550 172 550H388C308 376 196 170 91 -1L98 -12L172 -2C268 204 360 408 455 611L447 623Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,45.301,0)"><path id="g190-178" d="M469 201V252H50V201H469Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,52.372,0)"><path id="g113-54" d="M153 550H386L412 615L406 623H120L82 318C104 327 142 338 184 338C294 338 347 275 347 187C347 112 305 39 221 39C160 39 119 71 97 89C88 97 80 96 71 90C59 80 50 67 49 57C48 45 52 36 66 23C80 9 123 -12 169 -12C221 -11 288 15 342 59C403 109 431 165 431 225C431 308 366 395 238 395C212 395 165 379 127 364L153 550Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,58.876,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-47"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,61.965,0)"><path id="g113-53" d="M456 178V225H360V632H320C217 496 115 347 20 206V178H280V106C280 40 276 34 189 27V0H445V27C364 34 360 39 360 106V178H456ZM280 225H82C149 335 214 431 278 520H280V225Z"/></g></svg>), increased age (<svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-0.2401896pt" id="M3" height="9.36053pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -9.12034 50.2889 9.36053" width="50.2889pt"><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g190-80"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,9.998,0)"><use xlink:href="#g190-83"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,22.266,0)"><use xlink:href="#g117-34"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,34.004,0)"><path id="g113-51" d="M412 140C382 77 369 73 315 73H129L270 222C362 320 402 379 402 466C402 571 322 635 234 635C177 635 130 609 99 576L42 495L64 475C90 514 133 568 201 568C274 568 318 519 318 435C318 349 255 267 193 193C144 135 87 78 32 23V0H405C417 45 427 89 440 131L412 140Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,40.507,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-47"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,43.596,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-52"/></g></svg>; 95&#x25; <svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-0.2401896pt" id="M4" height="9.36053pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -9.12034 68.7155 9.36053" width="68.7155pt"><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g190-68"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,9.01,0)"><use xlink:href="#g190-74"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,17.466,0)"><use xlink:href="#g117-34"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,29.203,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-50"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,35.706,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-47"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,38.796,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-51"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,45.299,0)"><use xlink:href="#g190-178"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,52.37,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-53"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,58.874,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-47"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,61.962,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-51"/></g></svg>), husbandry system (<svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-0.2401896pt" id="M5" height="9.36053pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -9.12034 50.2889 9.36053" width="50.2889pt"><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g190-80"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,9.998,0)"><use xlink:href="#g190-83"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,22.266,0)"><use xlink:href="#g117-34"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,34.004,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-54"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,40.507,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-47"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,43.596,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-50"/></g></svg>; 95&#x25; <svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-0.2401896pt" id="M6" height="9.36053pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -9.12034 75.243 9.36053" width="75.243pt"><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g190-68"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,9.01,0)"><use xlink:href="#g190-74"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,17.466,0)"><use xlink:href="#g117-34"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,29.203,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-51"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,35.706,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-47"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,38.796,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-53"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,45.299,0)"><use xlink:href="#g190-178"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,52.37,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-50"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,58.874,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-50"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,65.377,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-47"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,68.466,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-51"/></g></svg>), feed type (<svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-0.2401896pt" id="M7" height="9.36053pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -9.12034 56.8164 9.36053" width="56.8164pt"><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g190-80"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,9.998,0)"><use xlink:href="#g190-83"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,22.266,0)"><use xlink:href="#g117-34"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,34.004,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-50"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,40.507,0)"><path id="g113-55" d="M137 343C167 482 260 545 321 574C357 591 397 603 429 609L423 641C382 634 335 622 295 608C189 570 37 457 37 238C37 84 125 -12 242 -12C362 -12 447 89 447 209C447 311 374 393 267 393C247 393 226 386 204 376L137 343ZM227 337C318 337 361 256 361 173C361 105 336 22 258 22C176 22 126 120 126 240C126 266 127 291 132 310C155 323 189 337 227 337Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,47.01,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-47"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,50.099,0)"><path id="g113-58" d="M244 635C114 635 38 519 38 422C38 317 111 240 217 240C236 240 255 244 277 256L345 292C311 140 203 39 59 15L64 -15C89 -15 150 -5 204 17C339 72 440 202 440 386C440 521 368 635 244 635ZM228 602C326 602 352 479 352 390C352 370 351 347 348 324C327 308 293 296 258 296C174 296 124 369 124 458C124 517 152 602 228 602Z"/></g></svg>; 95&#x25; <svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-0.2401896pt" id="M8" height="9.36053pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -9.12034 81.7705 9.36053" width="81.7705pt"><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g190-68"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,9.01,0)"><use xlink:href="#g190-74"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,17.466,0)"><use xlink:href="#g117-34"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,29.203,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-51"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,35.706,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-47"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,38.796,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-52"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,45.299,0)"><use xlink:href="#g190-178"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,52.37,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-50"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,58.874,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-51"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,65.377,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-53"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,71.88,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-47"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,74.969,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-52"/></g></svg>), not using anthelmintics in pigs (<svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-0.2401896pt" id="M9" height="9.36053pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -9.12034 56.8164 9.36053" width="56.8164pt"><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g190-80"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,9.998,0)"><use xlink:href="#g190-83"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,22.266,0)"><use xlink:href="#g117-34"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,34.004,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-50"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,40.507,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-50"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,47.01,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-47"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,50.099,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-58"/></g></svg>; 95&#x25; <svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-0.2401896pt" id="M10" height="9.36053pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -9.12034 75.243 9.36053" width="75.243pt"><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g190-68"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,9.01,0)"><use xlink:href="#g190-74"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,17.466,0)"><use xlink:href="#g117-34"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,29.203,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-54"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,35.707,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-47"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,38.796,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-49"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,45.299,0)"><use xlink:href="#g190-178"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,52.37,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-51"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,58.874,0)"><path id="g113-57" d="M249 635C141 635 70 555 70 471C70 401 114 353 179 316C143 294 106 267 90 252C68 231 45 202 45 157C45 50 130 -12 237 -12C322 -12 435 52 435 169C435 256 372 304 303 343C349 374 375 398 383 407C401 429 411 458 411 487C411 569 344 635 249 635ZM238 603C285 603 337 567 337 482C337 422 310 385 276 358C205 393 145 426 145 500C145 552 179 603 238 603ZM248 20C183 20 125 70 125 163C125 218 158 268 206 300C284 261 355 217 355 143C355 66 308 20 248 20Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,65.377,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-47"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,68.466,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-54"/></g></svg>), not using anthelmintics in owner (<svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-0.2401896pt" id="M11" height="9.36053pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -9.12034 50.2889 9.36053" width="50.2889pt"><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g190-80"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,9.998,0)"><use xlink:href="#g190-83"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,22.266,0)"><use xlink:href="#g117-34"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,34.004,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-51"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,40.507,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-47"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,43.596,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-54"/></g></svg>; 95&#x25; <svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-0.2401896pt" id="M12" height="9.36053pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -9.12034 68.7155 9.36053" width="68.7155pt"><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g190-68"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,9.01,0)"><use xlink:href="#g190-74"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,17.466,0)"><use xlink:href="#g117-34"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,29.203,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-50"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,35.706,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-47"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,38.796,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-53"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,45.299,0)"><use xlink:href="#g190-178"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,52.37,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-53"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,58.874,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-47"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,61.963,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-53"/></g></svg>), no hand-washing before feeding (<svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-0.2401896pt" id="M13" height="9.36053pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -9.12034 56.8164 9.36053" width="56.8164pt"><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g190-80"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,9.998,0)"><use xlink:href="#g190-83"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,22.266,0)"><use xlink:href="#g117-34"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,34.004,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-52"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,40.507,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-50"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,47.01,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-47"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,50.099,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-54"/></g></svg>; 95&#x25; <svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-0.2401896pt" id="M14" height="9.36053pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -9.12034 81.7705 9.36053" width="81.7705pt"><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g190-68"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,9.01,0)"><use xlink:href="#g190-74"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,17.466,0)"><use xlink:href="#g117-34"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,29.203,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-53"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,35.707,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-47"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,38.796,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-52"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,45.299,0)"><use xlink:href="#g190-178"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,52.371,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-51"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,58.874,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-52"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,65.377,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-49"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,71.88,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-47"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,74.969,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-58"/></g></svg>), and pork consumption of owner (<svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-0.2401896pt" id="M15" height="9.36053pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -9.12034 56.8164 9.36053" width="56.8164pt"><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g190-80"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,9.998,0)"><use xlink:href="#g190-83"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,22.266,0)"><use xlink:href="#g117-34"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,34.004,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-52"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,40.507,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-56"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,47.013,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-47"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,50.102,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-53"/></g></svg>; 95&#x25; <svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-0.2401896pt" id="M16" height="9.36053pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -9.12034 81.7705 9.36053" width="81.7705pt"><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g190-68"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,9.01,0)"><use xlink:href="#g190-74"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,17.466,0)"><use xlink:href="#g117-34"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,29.203,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-58"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,35.708,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-47"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,38.797,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-49"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,45.3,0)"><use xlink:href="#g190-178"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,52.371,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-50"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,58.874,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-54"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,65.378,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-55"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,71.881,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-47"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,74.97,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-50"/></g></svg>) in the study area. This is the first report of porcine cysticercosis in Myanmar.

Tin Aye Khaing

Saw Bawm

Soe Soe Wai

Ye Htut

Lat Lat Htun

Epidemiological Survey on Porcine Cysticercosis in Nay Pyi Taw Area, Myanmar

Bovine tuberculosis is a chronic, infectious, and contagious zoonotic disease of domestic animals, wild animals, and humans. It also poses a public health threat and economic losses. This study was aimed at determining the prevalence of bovine tuberculosis in slaughtered cattle, based on PM meat inspection, Ziehl-Neelsen staining, and PCR techniques in Bauchi State, Nigeria. A Prospective study was conducted on 800 cattle slaughtered in the three Zonal abattoirs of Bauchi State, Nigeria. One hundred and twenty (15&#x25;) tissues from different organs had suspected bTB lesions at PM. Out of the samples examined 35 (29.2&#x25;) were AFB positive by ZN and 10 (8.3&#x25;) were confirmed positive for<i> M. bovis </i>by PCR, with an overall prevalence of 29.16&#x25; and 8.33&#x25;, respectively. Female had a higher prevalence rate than male cattle at 16.66&#x25; and 12.5 &#x25; by ZN and 5.00&#x25; and 3.33&#x25; by PCR, respectively (<svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-0.04981995pt" id="M1" height="9.04777pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.99795 8.4902 9.04777" width="8.4902pt"><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,0,0)"><path id="g113-81" d="M600 480C600 590 528 650 384 650H143L137 622C222 614 225 607 210 531L130 127C113 41 106 36 23 28L17 0H294L300 28C204 36 195 42 212 127L243 284L314 263C327 263 339 263 352 264C465 271 600 337 600 480ZM508 481C508 351 402 304 329 304C289 304 265 311 250 317L295 559C302 594 310 606 323 611C335 616 350 619 367 619C455 619 508 573 508 481Z"/></g></svg> <svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-0.6617699pt" id="M2" height="9.36053pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.69876 34.5503 9.36053" width="34.5503pt"><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,0,0)"><path id="g117-92" d="M512 230V281L75 514V456L453 256V254L75 55V-3L512 230Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,11.738,0)"><path id="g113-49" d="M241 635C89 635 35 457 35 312C35 153 89 -12 240 -12C390 -12 443 166 443 312C443 466 390 635 241 635ZM238 602C329 602 354 454 354 312C354 172 330 22 240 22C152 22 124 173 124 313S148 602 238 602Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,18.241,0)"><path id="g113-47" d="M113 -12C146 -12 170 11 170 46C170 78 146 103 114 103S58 78 58 46C58 11 82 -12 113 -12Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,21.33,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-49"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,27.833,0)"><path id="g113-54" d="M153 550H386L412 615L406 623H120L82 318C104 327 142 338 184 338C294 338 347 275 347 187C347 112 305 39 221 39C160 39 119 71 97 89C88 97 80 96 71 90C59 80 50 67 49 57C48 45 52 36 66 23C80 9 123 -12 169 -12C221 -11 288 15 342 59C403 109 431 165 431 225C431 308 366 395 238 395C212 395 165 379 127 364L153 550Z"/></g></svg>, <svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-3.7895pt" id="M3" height="15.8676pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -12.0781 57.9115 15.8676" width="57.9115pt"><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,0,0)"><path id="g113-244" d="M565 434L556 448L482 423L322 189L287 373C280 410 261 448 236 448C207 448 161 415 110 338L131 317C160 355 181 374 193 374C204 374 208 366 217 330C230 279 247 185 259 116L50 -175C18 -223 29 -260 41 -278H51C97 -198 207 -33 270 57L313 -165C328 -235 349 -261 376 -261S445 -244 510 -150L487 -127C444 -178 423 -186 411 -186C402 -186 398 -177 387 -130C371 -62 349 39 332 135C390 217 524 392 565 434Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0095,0,0,-0.0095,7.887,-5.984)"><path id="g50-51" d="M414 144C384 79 371 75 317 75H135L276 221C367 316 408 376 408 465C408 570 327 635 237 635C179 635 131 609 100 575L42 494L67 471C94 510 138 565 205 565C277 565 321 517 321 435C321 348 258 270 195 195C146 137 88 81 33 26V0H411C423 44 433 88 446 135L414 144Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,16.806,0)"><path id="g117-34" d="M535 323V373H52V323H535ZM535 138V188H52V138H535Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,28.544,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-49"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,35.047,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-47"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,38.136,0)"><path id="g113-51" d="M412 140C382 77 369 73 315 73H129L270 222C362 320 402 379 402 466C402 571 322 635 234 635C177 635 130 609 99 576L42 495L64 475C90 514 133 568 201 568C274 568 318 519 318 435C318 349 255 267 193 193C144 135 87 78 32 23V0H405C417 45 427 89 440 131L412 140Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,44.639,0)"><path id="g113-50" d="M384 0V27C293 34 287 42 287 114V635C232 613 172 594 109 583V559L157 557C201 555 205 550 205 499V114C205 42 199 34 109 27V0H384Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,51.142,0)"><path id="g113-57" d="M249 635C141 635 70 555 70 471C70 401 114 353 179 316C143 294 106 267 90 252C68 231 45 202 45 157C45 50 130 -12 237 -12C322 -12 435 52 435 169C435 256 372 304 303 343C349 374 375 398 383 407C401 429 411 458 411 487C411 569 344 635 249 635ZM238 603C285 603 337 567 337 482C337 422 310 385 276 358C205 393 145 426 145 500C145 552 179 603 238 603ZM248 20C183 20 125 70 125 163C125 218 158 268 206 300C284 261 355 217 355 143C355 66 308 20 248 20Z"/></g></svg>). However, there was a statistically significant association (<svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-0.04981995pt" id="M4" height="9.04777pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.99795 8.4902 9.04777" width="8.4902pt"><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-81"/></g></svg> <svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-0.6617699pt" id="M5" height="9.36053pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.69876 34.5503 9.36053" width="34.5503pt"><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,0,0)"><path id="g117-91" d="M512 -3V55L134 254V256L512 456V514L75 281V230L512 -3Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,11.738,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-49"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,18.241,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-47"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,21.33,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-49"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,27.833,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-54"/></g></svg>, <svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-3.7895pt" id="M6" height="15.8676pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -12.0781 57.9115 15.8676" width="57.9115pt"><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-244"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0095,0,0,-0.0095,7.887,-5.984)"><use xlink:href="#g50-51"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,16.806,0)"><use xlink:href="#g117-34"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,28.544,0)"><path id="g113-56" d="M447 623H65C61 580 56 530 47 475H76C100 541 106 550 172 550H388C308 376 196 170 91 -1L98 -12L172 -2C268 204 360 408 455 611L447 623Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,35.05,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-47"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,38.138,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-49"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,44.642,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-49"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,51.145,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-51"/></g></svg>) between detection of bTB and the age of cattle. ZN revealed that cattle aged 6 years and above had the highest number of positive bTB cases 67.9&#x25;, while cattle aged 3&#x2013;5 years had the lowest 14.81&#x25;. PCR technique revealed that the cattle aged 6 and above years also had the highest percentage positive<i> M. bovis </i>cases of 22.84&#x25;, whereas cattle aged 3&#x2013;5 years had the lowest and the overall prevalence rate of 8.33&#x25;<i>. </i>The study found a high infection rate of bTB among cattle and majority of the lesions 54.2&#x25; were from lungs. The prevalence of bTB was higher in Bauchi metropolitan abattoir which supplies larger population of the state with beef.

A. S. Sa&#x2019;idu

E. C. Okolocha

A. A. Dzikwi

J. K. P. Kwaga

A. A. Gamawa

A. Usman

S. A. Maigari

S. Ibrahim

Detection of <i>Mycobacterium bovis</i> in Organs of Slaughtered Cattle by DNA-Based Polymerase Chain Reaction and Ziehl-Neelsen Techniques in Bauchi State, Nigeria

Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is a chronic infectious and contagious zoonotic disease of domestic animals, wild animals, and humans. It poses a public health threat and economic losses due to abattoir condemnation of infected carcasses during meat inspection of slaughtered animals. Bovine tuberculosis is widespread in Africa including Nigeria affecting both cattle and humans, particularly Northern Nigeria. A prospective survey was conducted from June to August 2013 in the three Zonal abattoirs of Bauchi State, Nigeria. A total of 150 structured close-ended questionnaires were administered to abattoir personnel to assess their level of awareness of bTB. This study was aimed at determining the level of public health awareness, attitude, and practices of abattoir workers of bTB in Bauchi State, Nigeria. There was a statistically significant association between respondents&#x2019; awareness of bTB and their occupational status, age, and duration of exposure to cattle carcasses (<svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-0.6617603pt" id="M1" height="9.65971pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.99795 46.7259 9.65971" width="46.7259pt"><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,0,0)"><path id="g113-81" d="M600 480C600 590 528 650 384 650H143L137 622C222 614 225 607 210 531L130 127C113 41 106 36 23 28L17 0H294L300 28C204 36 195 42 212 127L243 284L314 263C327 263 339 263 352 264C465 271 600 337 600 480ZM508 481C508 351 402 304 329 304C289 304 265 311 250 317L295 559C302 594 310 606 323 611C335 616 350 619 367 619C455 619 508 573 508 481Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,12.15,0)"><path id="g117-91" d="M512 -3V55L134 254V256L512 456V514L75 281V230L512 -3Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,23.887,0)"><path id="g113-49" d="M241 635C89 635 35 457 35 312C35 153 89 -12 240 -12C390 -12 443 166 443 312C443 466 390 635 241 635ZM238 602C329 602 354 454 354 312C354 172 330 22 240 22C152 22 124 173 124 313S148 602 238 602Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,30.39,0)"><path id="g113-47" d="M113 -12C146 -12 170 11 170 46C170 78 146 103 114 103S58 78 58 46C58 11 82 -12 113 -12Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,33.48,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-49"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,39.983,0)"><path id="g113-54" d="M153 550H386L412 615L406 623H120L82 318C104 327 142 338 184 338C294 338 347 275 347 187C347 112 305 39 221 39C160 39 119 71 97 89C88 97 80 96 71 90C59 80 50 67 49 57C48 45 52 36 66 23C80 9 123 -12 169 -12C221 -11 288 15 342 59C403 109 431 165 431 225C431 308 366 395 238 395C212 395 165 379 127 364L153 550Z"/></g></svg>); the odds of being aware of bTB were 9.4, 7.3, and 2.1, respectively. In conclusion, these demonstrate the urgent need for public health authorities to intervene in bTB control. The risk of bTB transmission as indicated by the personnel&#x2019;s practices and awareness levels in Bauchi State could be prevented through the use of protective clothing (PPEs).

Public Health Implications and Risk Factors Assessment of <i>Mycobacterium bovis</i> Infections among Abattoir Personnel in Bauchi State, Nigeria

<i>Purpose</i>. The gravimetric method of weighing surgical sponges is used to quantify intraoperative blood loss. The dry mass minus the wet mass of the gauze equals the volume of blood lost. This method assumes that the density of blood is equivalent to water (1&#x2009;gm/mL). This study&#x2019;s purpose was to validate the assumption that the density of blood is equivalent to water and to correlate density with hematocrit. <i>Methods</i>. 50&#x2009;<i>&#xb5;</i>L of whole blood was weighed from eighteen rats. A distilled water control was weighed for each blood sample. The averages of the blood and water were compared utilizing a Student&#x2019;s unpaired, one-tailed <i>t</i>-test. The masses of the blood samples and the hematocrits were compared using a linear regression. <i>Results</i>. The average mass of the eighteen blood samples was 0.0489&#x2009;g and that of the distilled water controls was 0.0492&#x2009;g. The <i>t</i>-test showed <svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-0.2129908pt" id="M1" height="9.21094pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.99795 59.7809 9.21094" width="59.7809pt"><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,0,0)"><path id="g113-81" d="M600 480C600 590 528 650 384 650H143L137 622C222 614 225 607 210 531L130 127C113 41 106 36 23 28L17 0H294L300 28C204 36 195 42 212 127L243 284L314 263C327 263 339 263 352 264C465 271 600 337 600 480ZM508 481C508 351 402 304 329 304C289 304 265 311 250 317L295 559C302 594 310 606 323 611C335 616 350 619 367 619C455 619 508 573 508 481Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,12.15,0)"><path id="g117-34" d="M535 323V373H52V323H535ZM535 138V188H52V138H535Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,23.887,0)"><path id="g113-49" d="M241 635C89 635 35 457 35 312C35 153 89 -12 240 -12C390 -12 443 166 443 312C443 466 390 635 241 635ZM238 602C329 602 354 454 354 312C354 172 330 22 240 22C152 22 124 173 124 313S148 602 238 602Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,30.39,0)"><path id="g113-47" d="M113 -12C146 -12 170 11 170 46C170 78 146 103 114 103S58 78 58 46C58 11 82 -12 113 -12Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,33.48,0)"><path id="g113-51" d="M412 140C382 77 369 73 315 73H129L270 222C362 320 402 379 402 466C402 571 322 635 234 635C177 635 130 609 99 576L42 495L64 475C90 514 133 568 201 568C274 568 318 519 318 435C318 349 255 267 193 193C144 135 87 78 32 23V0H405C417 45 427 89 440 131L412 140Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,39.983,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-51"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,46.486,0)"><path id="g113-55" d="M137 343C167 482 260 545 321 574C357 591 397 603 429 609L423 641C382 634 335 622 295 608C189 570 37 457 37 238C37 84 125 -12 242 -12C362 -12 447 89 447 209C447 311 374 393 267 393C247 393 226 386 204 376L137 343ZM227 337C318 337 361 256 361 173C361 105 336 22 258 22C176 22 126 120 126 240C126 266 127 291 132 310C155 323 189 337 227 337Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,52.989,0)"><path id="g113-58" d="M244 635C114 635 38 519 38 422C38 317 111 240 217 240C236 240 255 244 277 256L345 292C311 140 203 39 59 15L64 -15C89 -15 150 -5 204 17C339 72 440 202 440 386C440 521 368 635 244 635ZM228 602C326 602 352 479 352 390C352 370 351 347 348 324C327 308 293 296 258 296C174 296 124 369 124 458C124 517 152 602 228 602Z"/></g></svg> and <svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-0.2129993pt" id="M2" height="12.2911pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -12.0781 71.5784 12.2911" width="71.5784pt"><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,0,0)"><path id="g113-83" d="M610 18C585 26 567 34 540 68C517 97 499 128 476 171C452 215 425 276 413 304C496 332 570 394 570 494C570 555 545 595 509 619S419 650 364 650H139L133 622C216 615 219 612 203 527L129 132C112 40 105 36 23 28L17 0H279L285 28C199 34 194 40 211 132L239 284H284C320 284 334 275 351 236C374 182 394 140 420 93C459 23 495 -1 592 -8H600L610 18ZM480 485C480 424 449 372 403 342C374 323 338 316 293 316H245L291 562C296 589 301 601 311 608S337 618 358 618C432 618 480 575 480 485Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0095,0,0,-0.0095,8.495,-5.984)"><path id="g50-51" d="M414 144C384 79 371 75 317 75H135L276 221C367 316 408 376 408 465C408 570 327 635 237 635C179 635 131 609 100 575L42 494L67 471C94 510 138 565 205 565C277 565 321 517 321 435C321 348 258 270 195 195C146 137 88 81 33 26V0H411C423 44 433 88 446 135L414 144Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,17.414,0)"><use xlink:href="#g117-34"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,29.152,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-49"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,35.655,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-47"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,38.744,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-49"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,45.247,0)"><path id="g113-52" d="M285 378C315 398 338 416 353 432C373 451 384 474 384 503C384 579 325 635 236 635H235C182 635 136 610 108 579L65 516L85 496C110 533 150 575 205 575C258 575 300 543 300 481C300 407 232 369 141 339L147 310C163 315 188 321 211 321C268 321 338 284 338 192C338 94 288 40 217 40C160 40 119 68 93 91C85 98 77 97 69 91C60 84 47 71 46 58C44 46 48 35 62 22C75 10 116 -12 162 -12C234 -12 424 62 424 224C424 297 373 359 285 376V378Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,51.75,0)"><path id="g113-50" d="M384 0V27C293 34 287 42 287 114V635C232 613 172 594 109 583V559L157 557C201 555 205 550 205 499V114C205 42 199 34 109 27V0H384Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,58.254,0)"><path id="g113-54" d="M153 550H386L412 615L406 623H120L82 318C104 327 142 338 184 338C294 338 347 275 347 187C347 112 305 39 221 39C160 39 119 71 97 89C88 97 80 96 71 90C59 80 50 67 49 57C48 45 52 36 66 23C80 9 123 -12 169 -12C221 -11 288 15 342 59C403 109 431 165 431 225C431 308 366 395 238 395C212 395 165 379 127 364L153 550Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,64.757,0)"><path id="g113-53" d="M456 178V225H360V632H320C217 496 115 347 20 206V178H280V106C280 40 276 34 189 27V0H445V27C364 34 360 39 360 106V178H456ZM280 225H82C149 335 214 431 278 520H280V225Z"/></g></svg>. The hematocrit values ranged from 24&#x25; to 48&#x25;. The linear regression <svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-0.2129993pt" id="M3" height="12.2911pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -12.0781 13.7602 12.2911" width="13.7602pt"><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-83"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0095,0,0,-0.0095,8.495,-5.984)"><use xlink:href="#g50-51"/></g></svg> value was 0.1767. <i>Conclusions</i>. The <svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-0.2129993pt" id="M4" height="12.2911pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -12.0781 13.7602 12.2911" width="13.7602pt"><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-83"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0095,0,0,-0.0095,8.495,-5.984)"><use xlink:href="#g50-51"/></g></svg> value comparing the blood and distilled water masses suggests high correlation between the two populations. Linear regression showed the hematocrit was not proportional to the mass of the blood. The study confirmed that the measured density of blood is similar to water.

Dominic J. Vitello

Richard M. Ripper

Michael R. Fettiplace

Guy L. Weinberg

Joseph M. Vitello

Blood Density Is Nearly Equal to Water Density: A Validation Study of the Gravimetric Method of Measuring Intraoperative Blood Loss

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title

Journal of Veterinary Medicine publishes original research articles as well as review articles in all areas of veterinary medicine.

Journal of Veterinary Medicine