Abstract
Microprocessing of dielectric optical coatings by UV laser ablation is demonstrated. Excimer laser ablation at deep UV wavelengths (248 nm, 193 nm) is used for the patterning of thin oxide films or layer stacks. The layer removal over extended areas as well as sub-m-structuring is possible. The ablation of , , , and layers and layer systems has been investigated. Due to their optical, chemical, and thermal stability, these inorganic film materials are well suited for optical applications, even if UV-transparency is required. Transparent patterned films of are produced by patterning a UV-absorbing precursor suboxide layer and oxidizing it afterwards to . In contrast to laser ablation of bulk material, in the case of thin films, the layer-layer or layer-substrate boundaries act as predetermined end points, so that precise depth control and a very smooth surface can be achieved. For large area ablation, nanosecond lasers are well suited; for patterning with submicron resolution, femtosecond excimer lasers are applied. Thus the fabrication of optical elements like dielectric masks, pixelated diffractive elements, and gratings can be accomplished.
1. Introduction
Optical coatings have a variety of applications. Especially design, fabrication, and applications of dielectric optical interference coatings are subject of numerous studies [1]. For the classical use as mirror, beam splitter, or antireflection coating, extended areas have to be homogeneously coated. Therefore, the production of dielectric coatings has been optimized to obtain such high quality coatings nearly without defects on large substrates. But there are other applications, where the coating is needed in locally well-defined areas, for example, masks or waveguides. Coating technology is not well developed in this direction. Deposition through stencil masks is possible but not with high spatial resolution. In this case, the coatings have to be processed following the deposition process in order to generate spatially well-defined patterns. Usually lithographic processes are applied, but they have limited applicability, because the required etching processes are complicated and not sufficiently developed for all used materials.
Laser ablation is a versatile and widespread method for microprocessing of materials. Nearly any kind of technical materials like polymers, metals, glass, ceramics, and composite materials has been investigated with respect to its response to intense pulsed laser irradiation [2, 3]. In the field of high-precision microfabrication, especially (UV-) excimer lasers are used due to their inherent capability of producing high spatial resolution. Various applications like drilling of micro holes or nozzles, marking of eye glasses, or stripping of wires have been developed and transferred into industrial processes.
But laser ablation is not only good for the treatment of bulk material, it can be utilized for the patterning of thin films as well, for example, optical coatings. In contrast to the treatment of bulk materials, where many laser pulses are required to, for example, drill a material to a certain depth, in the case of thin layers very few or even a single pulse is sufficient to generate the desired ablation pattern. Regarding the capability of simultaneous processing of large areas by mask projection, which is enabled by the flat top beam profile of excimer lasers, there seems to be a huge potential of patterning thin films by this method.
Because under certain conditions the layer-layer or layer-substrate boundaries act as predetermined breaking points, the ablated depth profile is not directly correlated with the (sometimes inhomogeneous) beam profile. Whereas in the case of bulk material ablation, spatial variations of the beam intensity will lead to a correspondingly irregular surface profile, this will not necessarily be the case for layer ablation, because there is a certain process window concerning the fluence for complete layer ablation [4]. Thus even with some spatial variations of the irradiation fluence, a very flat surface can be achieved.
Patterning of optical layers is useful for the fabrication of optical components like waveguides, coupling gratings, refractive, reflective, or diffractive structures. In most cases, transparent films with high transmission in the operation wavelength range have to be used. For applications in the visible or infrared spectral ranges, often polymeric materials can be applied, though their mechanical and thermal stability is limited. For example, the laser patterning of layers for fabricating (diffractive) optical elements has already been performed with polyimide films [5]. For UV applications, the control of processing UV-transparent materials, especially inorganic oxide materials, is necessary. Within the broad range of methods for the microfabrication of optical elements, this paper treats the structuring of (UV-) transparent inorganic oxide layers and layer stacks by laser ablation. Special attention is paid to a combined process, where an absorbing suboxide (SiO) layer is patterned and afterwards oxidized into a transparent oxide ().
2. Methods and Materials
2.1. Laser Systems
Excimer lasers are optimally suited for a number of tasks concerning ablation of optical coatings. The emitted UV-light is readily absorbed by most of the relevant coating materials. However, due to the specific band edge of each material, different laser wavelengths are required. , for example, s already absorbed in the near UV (308 nm). Efficient absorption of is obtained at 248 nm, and for an even shorter wavelength of 193 nm is required. Excimer lasers emit powerful pulses with a flat top beam profile enabling large area processing, for example, by mask projection. Even the pulse duration of 10 or 20 nanosecond seems to be quite optimal for the ablation of optical layers. The thermal diffusion length L of around 50 to 500 nm which is related to the laser pulse length by and characterizes the heat-affected zone (HAZ) is short enough to minimize lateral damage, but sufficiently long to provide heat flow within the typical layer thickness, which promotes the liftoff of a complete layer with a single pulse [6, 7]. However, when structure details in the submicron range have to be fabricated, for example, gratings with a period of several 100 nm, this thermal diffusion length is too large, so that shorter laser pulses are required. To combine the capability of high optical resolution with that of a small heat-affected zone, a UV ultrafast laser system is applied. This comprises a Ti:Sa front-end laser, a frequency tripling unit to convert the wavelength of the ultrashort pulses into the UV spectral range, and a specially designed KrF amplifier to boost up the energy of the pulses to the several mJ range. The current laser arrangement (Figure 1) uses a commercial Ti:Sa front-end system delivering pulses of 150 femtoseconds duration at a wavelength of 745 nm. After frequency tripling, seed pulses are obtained for the KrF amplifier module which is the key component of the system. This module is a modified version of a Lambda Physik NovaLine laser. In a three-pass amplification scheme, the pulses are amplified up to an energy of 30 mJ at repetition rates exceeding 350 Hz, resulting in an average power of 10 W at 248 nm [8]. The results on UV-femtosecond laser processing shown in Section 3 have been obtained using a predecessor system with 500 femtoseconds pulse duration.
2.2. Beam Delivery
Excimer laser processing is usually carried out in a mask projection configuration. A mask consisting of transparent and opaque (or reflective) areas is illuminated by the flat top laser beam. Using a lens or a complex imaging system, the mask is projected on the surface of the work piece, so that the pattern of the mask is reproduced (usually demagnified) in this plane leading to material ablation in the irradiated regions at sufficiently high fluence.
Mask projection is known to be a well-suited irradiation strategy for simultaneous treatment of extended sample areas. On the other hand, multiple beam interference has shown to be very effective in creating a great variety of periodic nanostructures [9–11]. But also a combination of these two techniques allows the fabrication of well-defined, versatile periodic nanostructures over large sample areas [12, 13]. To create a linear grating pattern, for example, a transmission grating is placed in the mask position, and this mask plane is imaged onto the sample surface using a lens or a microscope objective. By using a suitable arrangement of apertures, distinct diffraction orders can be transmitted while others are blocked. This way the simplest case of two beam interference can be realized, even with laser beams of limited spatial and temporal coherence.
2.3. Irradiation Configurations
In principle, there are two different methods to induce ablative removal of a film from a substrate. Either the beam is directed head-on towards the film leading to “front-side ablation,” or the beam hits the film from the other side after passing through the substrate “rear-side ablation” (Figure 2). Rear-side ablation is possible, if the substrate is sufficiently transparent at the laser wavelength. For standard excimer laser wavelengths, this is the case, for example, for UV-grade fused silica.
In the case of front-side ablation, depending on laser fluence, film thickness, and absorption properties of film and substrate, the whole film or part of it can be ablated. If the film consists of a layer stack, it is even possible to ablate layer after layer by successive laser pulses [14]. In the case of rear-side irradiation with sufficient fluence, the whole film or layer stack is ablated with a single-laser pulse. The advantage of this method is that due to the forward transfer of the material in the direction of the laser beam, there is no possibility for the interaction of the laser radiation with already ablated fragments. In the case of front-side ablation, this interaction can lead to considerable debris formation around the ablated area, if no countermeasures are applied. Furthermore the required laser fluence for complete ablation is much higher and the edge quality is lower for front-side ablation.
2.4. Materials and Material Transformation
The materials of the coatings studied are mainly transparent metal oxides like , , , with absorption edges somewhere in the UV. As a sufficiently high absorption is a prerequisite for precise ablation, special care has to be taken when selecting the laser wavelength. The applied laser wavelength should be below the absorption edge of the material. , are transparent above about 300 nm, therefore, for ablation, a shorter wavelength, for example, 248 nm is required. is transparent down to about 220 nm, so that 193 nm should be used for ablation. and are transparent even at 193 nm, so the use of a 157 nm radiation is necessary. An alternative approach is the following: instead of an -coating, a silicon monoxide (SiO) or at least a substoichiometric silicon oxide (, ) is deposited. These materials are UV-absorbing and can therefore be easily processed using 193 nm or 248 nm excimer lasers. After patterning, the remaining is oxidised to by heating it in air to obtain the desired functionality of the patterned coating (Figure 3). The ability of UV laser radiation at 248 nm to cause ablation of films has already been demonstrated long time ago [15].
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Single Layer Coatings
Figure 4 shows the results of rear-side ablation of a single silicon monoxide layer. Clean ablation with sharp edges and nearly without redeposition of debris is observed. The ablation depth as a function of the laser fluence for a 285 nm thick SiO-layer on fused silica is displayed in Figure 5. Within a fluence range of about 200 to 600 mJ/ the complete layer is ablated with a single-laser pulse (the ablation depth is constant and corresponds to the film thickness). Above this process window, at about 1 J/ the fused silica substrate is ablated, too. These observations can be explained by treating the layer-substrate boundary as predetermined end points, so that precise depth control and a very smooth surface can be achieved, even if the laser beam is somewhat inhomogeneous within the limits given by the process window. This behavior is similar to that observed in early work on ablating thin metal films with an excimer laser [16], which showed good potential resolution with liftoff through heat flow to the interface.
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3.2. Diffractive Phase Elements
As an example for the patterning of a transparent film on a transparent substrate, the fabrication of a binary diffractive phase element (DPE) is demonstrated. DPEs are very attractive for beam shaping because of their basically lossless operation. They can be implemented by a (pixelated) surface profile on a transparent optical material and can be applied for beam homogenization, beam splitting or efficient mask illumination. A binary phase element for operation at a UV-wavelength can be made by ablation patterning a UV-transparent oxide film with a refractive index and a thickness of . Pixel sizes of about are convenient for fabrication and application. The ablation process can be performed pixel by pixel according to the calculated DPE design or by creating the whole structure at the same time using a mask. For applications of the DPE in the near UV, is an adequate material. absorbs at 248 nm sufficiently, to be patterned by ablation, but is transparent at 308 nm. This means that a DPE for use at 308 nm can be fabricated using 248 nm [17].
For fabricating a phase element to operate in the deep UV, for example, at 193 nm, a film material that is transparent at this wavelength is necessary, for example, . In this case, the above mentioned two-step process is applied [18]. First, an absorbing SiO layer is patterned by laser ablation, then the patterned film is oxidised to UV-transparent . Figure 6 shows a DPE made by this method.
3.3. Multilayer Coatings
A typical application for the patterning of multilayers for optical applications is the fabrication of dielectric optical masks. Such multilayer stacks, for example, of alternating - (high refractive index) and -layers (low refractive index) can be ablated by an ArF-excimer laser, because is absorbing at 193 nm. Although the thickness of the film is more than 1 m, under certain conditions sub-m edge definition is achieved in the case of rear side ablation.
If both materials of the dielectric layer stack are transparent at 193 nm, the ablation of these systems has to be performed either at even shorter wavelengths (Vacuum-UV) [19], or with an absorbing subsidiary layer. Thus dielectric mirrors with high reflectivity at 193 nm consisting of a stack of alternating - and -layers were patterned by depositing a 193 nm absorbing - or SiO-layer between substrate and HR-stack and ablating in a rear side configuration (Figure 7) [20].
Dielectric masks fabricated by this method can be applied for high intensity laser applications, where metal masks (Cr on quartz) would be easily damaged. It is even possible to fabricate grey-level masks by ablating only a defined number of single layers instead of the whole stack [14]. As this process works only by front-side ablation, the edge definition of the ablated structures is limited. To achieve high-precision edges even in the case of front-side ablation, the UV-femtosecond laser system was applied. Figure 8 shows such an ablation edge, where the multilayer structure of the stack can be clearly resolved.
3.4. High-Resolution Patterning
Patterning a thin film with high (sub-m) resolution is desirable, for instance, for the fabrication of optical gratings. To achieve the required optical resolution at high-fluence levels, a mask projection setup using a reflective objective is suitable. The laser pulse duration has to be limited, so that thermal diffusion of the energy coupled into the film does not lead to blurring of the submicron pattern. For metal films, pulse durations as short as 50 ps already lead to diminished structure resolution [21]. For polymer films with their low-thermal diffusivity, comparatively long nanosecond pulses can be applied, but metal oxide films exhibit rather high-thermal diffusivities, so that short pulses are required. Then it is possible to adjust the depth of the pattern in the film by the number of pulses, so that the film can be ablated partly or completely down to the substrate (front side ablation). Figure 9 shows a grating with 500 nm period made in a -film with the described ultrashort pulse excimer laser. Such gratings may by applied for coupling light into planar waveguide, or for the so-called grating waveguide structures, which are used, for example, for biosensors based on fluorescence detection [22–24]. Also SiO layers can be patterned with high resolution using this UV-fs laser system (Figure 10).
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4. Summary
UV-transparent inorganic oxide layers are patterned with excimer laser radiation with high precision. Complete layer stacks or only parts of them are ablated depending on fluence and irradiation conditions. To achieve high spatial resolution, a UV-fs-laser system is applied. Nonabsorbing layers are patterned by laser processing of an absorbing substoichiometric “precursor” layer and subsequent oxidation. Thus, dielectric masks, pixelated diffractive phase elements, and submicron gratings are micro fabricated.
Acknowledgment
The financial support from the BMWi of Germany (grant no. 16IN0395) is gratefully acknowledged.