The Impact of HIV Genetic Polymorphisms and Subtype Differences on the Occurrence of Resistance to Antiretroviral Drugs

Table 1

Examples of polymorphisms and mutations in reverse transcriptase (RT), protease (PR), and integrase (IN) of different subtypes that may impact on emergent resistance to nucleoside and nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs and NNRTIs), protease inhibitors (PIs), and integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs).

Drug class	Type/group/ subtype	Polymorphism or mutation associated with drug resistance	Drug(s) affected	Mutation(s) and their consequences	Reference
Reverse transcriptase
NRTI	C	64-65-66 KKK motif	ddI, d4T, TDF	K65R	[30]
NRTI	HIV-2	T69N, V75I, V118I, L210N, T215S, K219N	NRTIs	TAMs/K65R	[66]
NNRTI	C	V106V	EFV, NVP	V106M	[45]
NNRTI	G	A98S	NNRTIs		[66]
NNRTI	HIV-2	Y181I,Y188L, G190A K101A, V106I, V179I	All NNRTIs	Cross- NNRTI resistance	[68]
NNRTI	O	Y181C, A98S, K103R, V179E	All NNRTIs	Cross- NNRTI resistance	[18]
Protease
PI	Non-B	M36I	PIs		[59]
PI	G, AE	K20I	PIs		[63]
PI	G	V82I	PIs	I82M/T/S	[63]
PI	A, C, F, G, AE, AG	L89M	PIs	L89I	[71]
PI	HIV-2	L10I/V, K 20V, V32I, M36I, M46I, I47V, L63E/K, A71V, G73A, V77T, V82I/L,	PIs	APV and other PIs	[68]
Integrase
INSTIs	B	R263	MK-2048, DTG	R263K	[85]
	C	G118	MK-2048, DTG	G118R	[82]

ddI: didanosine; d4T: stavudine; TFV, tenofovir: EFV, efavirenz: NVP, nevirapine: DTG, dolutegravir.