A Survey of Machine Learning in Friction Stir Welding, including Unresolved Issues and Future Research Directions

Table 3

FSW grain size variation for different materials w.r.t. design and welding speed.

Type of material to be welded	Tool design	Welding speed (mm/min)	Grain size (μm)	Hardness (HV)	References
Dissimilar AA5083-AA6061 aluminum alloy	Square probe tool	60	6	76.3	[85]
Dissimilar AA5083-AA6061 aluminum alloy	Circular threaded probe tool	40	5	76.87	[85]
Dissimilar AA5083-AA6061 aluminum alloy	Circular threaded probe tool	31.5	6	82.13	[85]
Al5083 and AL6061	A cylindrical tool with tapered pin	45	5.0	43.26	[85]
AA2014-T6 aluminum alloy	Left hand threaded tapered cylindrical pin	40	12	125	[85]
AA2519-T87 aluminum alloy	Straight threaded cylindrical pin	30	17.5	78	[86]
AA2519-T87 aluminum alloy	Taper threaded cylindrical pin	30	15	80	[86]