Inflammatory Breast Diseases during Lactation: Health Effects on the Newborn—A Literature Review

Table 2

Key findings on immune alteration in breast milk, identified upon search for the topic “pathological effects of cytokines in the breast milk on the newborn.”

Publication	Animal study	Human study	Key finding
Zanardo et al. [33]		+	Levels of IL-1ß are significantly increased in colostrum from breast-feeding mothers whose infants have hyperbilirubineamia.
Moore et al. [34]		+	Levels of IL-7 in breast-milk, sensitive to seasonal influences, may mediate thymus function of the newborn.
Prokešová et al. [35]		+	Allergic mothers exhibit markedly higher IL-10 levels in breast milk compared to healthy mothers.
Rigotti et al. [36]		+	Lower levels of TGF-ß1 are present in mature milk of allergic mothers.
Bryan et al. [37]		+	Breast milk from mothers of infants hospitalized with bronchiolitis had significantly higher levels of IL-2 and IL-10 compared with milk from mothers of postpartum age-matched healthy controls.
Böttcher et al. [38]		+	There was no association between levels of IL-4, -5, -6, -8, -10, -13, -16, IFN-γ, TGF-ß1, -ß2, in the breast milk of mothers whose infants developed allergic symptoms or salivary IgA levels during the first 2 years of life. Thus, differences in the composition of cytokines and chemokines in breast milk did not, to any major degree, affect the development of atopic symptoms nor salivary IgA antibody production during the first 2 years of life.