Review Article

Cytokines and Cytokine Profiles in Human Autoimmune Diseases and Animal Models of Autoimmunity

Table 1

DNA microarray studies on rheumatoid arthritis (RA), collagen-induced arthritis (CIA), multiple sclerosis (MS), and experimental allergic encephalitis (EAE).

DiseaseGene expression in affected tissue Tissue Array typeReferences

RACD9↑ , CD20↑, CD69 ↑, T cell receptor and chain ↑, MMP1 ↑, MMP3 ↑, IP-10↑, CXCR4 ↑, SDF1 ↑, STAT-1 ↑, IL-15 ↑, c-fos ↑, IL-6R ↑, IL-6R Synovial tissue from RA and Osteo-arthritis patientscDNA microarrays, 18 000 probes[25]
IL-2 ↑, IL-4 ↑, IL-13 ↑, IL-17 ↑, EGF ↑, bFGF ↑, IL-1 ↑, IL-15 ↑Synovial fluid from early onset RA and other early synovitis patientsMultiplex bead-based system, Biosource International, Camarillo, Calif, USA[26]
CD14 ↑, defensin -1 and -3 ↑, ribonuclease 2 ↑, S100 A8 and A12 ↑, HLA-DQB1 PBMC from RA and osteoarthritis patientsOligonucleotide microarrays, 10 000 Probes[29]
CD14 ↑, CD163 ↑, S100 A12↑, CD13 ↑, chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 1 ↑, IL-1Ra ↑, CD72 , CD79b , PKC PBMC from RA patients and healthy controlsU95A microarrays, Affymetrix, 12 600 probes sets[30]

CIABsg ↑, Anxa5 ↑, Mmp3 ↑, Mmp9 ↑, Jup ↑, Tgfb1 ↑, Il2rg, Cd53 ↑, c-fos , Sdc4 , Prg2 Inflamed paws of mice with CIA and control miceMu11K oligonucleotide microarrays, Affymetrix, 11 000 probe sets[31]

MSIL-1R ↑, IL-8R2 ↑, IL-11α ↑, L-17 ↑, TNFR ↑, Filamin ↑, SMAD6 ↑, MAG , PLP1Brain biopsies from MS patients and controlsHuGeneFL oligonucleotide microarrays, Affymetrix, 7000 probe sets[32]
ICAM1↑, CDC42↑, RIPK2↑, IL1R2↑, CXCL2↑, ↑ MAD ↑, CDC25B , DAXX , BCL2 , NFATC3, EGF , E2F5 PBMC from MS patients and controls1258 element cDNA microarrays[33]
BNIP3 ↑, 25OAS ↑, STAT1↑, IFN-induced 17 kDa ↑, TRAIL ↑, CD69, c-jun , c-fos , flt3 ligand , IκB , IL-8 , IL-17R , MKP1 , PCNA PBMC of MS patients before and under treatment with IFN- Mini-Lymphochip cDNA microarrays, 12 600 probes[34]
MxA/MX1↑, IRF7 ↑, MX2 ↑, OAS2 ↑, IL15 ↑, IL1RN ↑, IL1RA ↑, CCR1 ↑, ECGF1 ↑, EEF1D , RPL5 PBMC of MS patients before and after treatmentHuFL microarrays, Affymetrix, 8000 probe sets[35]

EAEIl1rn ↑, Tnfrsf1a ↑, Ifnb1 ↑, interferon-induced 15 kD protein ↑, interferon-inducible protein 1-8D ↑, Ccl5 ↑, Scya-9, Cxcl10 ↑, Tcrb ↑, Cd53, Lfa-1 (Itgb2) ↑, Flt3 , Glud1 , Ntsr2 Spinal cord biopsies from EAE mice and controlsMu11K oligonucleotide microarrays, Affymetrix 11 000 probe sets[36]

rrows indicate upregulated (↑) or downregulated () gene expression in tissues/cells from affected patients or animals compared with same tissues/cells from control patients or animals.