Release of Inflammatory Mediators by Human Adipose Tissue Is Enhanced in Obesity and Primarily by the Nonfat Cells: A Review

Table 2

Comparison of 100 mRNAs in fat cells as compared to the nonfat cells derived from human omental adipose tissue.

	Ratio of mRNA in fat cells to nonfat cells	Cp value in nonfat cells
mRNAs significantly enriched in fat cells
Perilipin	128	29.3
Hormone sensitive lipase [HSL]	104	32.4
Lipoprotein lipase [LPL]	79	26.5
Adiponectin	42	28.1
Retinol binding protein 4 [RBP-4]	42	29.4
Adipose tissue triglyceride lipase [ATGL]	37	35.4
Amyloid protein A1	34	27.3
Leptin	28	29.2
FAT/CD36	26	25.8
11 $\mathit{\beta }$ -hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 tv1 [11 $\mathit{\beta }$ HSD-1]	18	30.8
PPAR $\mathit{\gamma }$	15	30.4
Uncoupling protein 2 [UCP-2]	14	28.9
Fat specific protein 27/CIDEC	13	26.0
CIDEA	12	27.0
Glutathione peroxidase 3 [GPX-3]	9	27.0
Adipsin/complement D	9	27.9
Zinc ${\mathit{\alpha }}_{\mathit{2}}$ -glycoprotein [ZAG]	8	28.8
Cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase 3B	7	27.6
Angiotensinogen	5	34.1
Toll-like receptor 4 [TLR-4]	5	34.8
Fatty acid binding protein 4 [FABP-4]	5	20.2
Cytochrome c oxidase	4	28.1
Glycerol channel aquaporin 7 [AQP-7]	4	27.4
Adrenomedullin	4	26.4
Akt2/protein kinase B2	4	27.2
Uncoupling protein 1 [UCP-1]	4	32.6
NADPH:quinone oxidoreductase l [NQO-1]	3	27.2
Insulin receptor tv1 [INSR]	3	27.5
GAPDH	3	26.7
CGI-58/ABHD5	3	26.2
mRNAs present in both nonfat cells and fat cells
Gi $\alpha$ 2 guanine nucleotide binding protein	2.1	32.0
Osteoprotegerin [OPG]	1.9	31.0
Thrombospondin 1	1.8	24.5
Sodium hydrogen exchanger 1	1.6	28.9
AMPK $\alpha$ 2 catalytic subunit	1.5	32.9
Akt/1protein kinase B1	1.5	27.4
Lipin-1	1.5	26.5
Lipin-2	1.5	27.4
Cyclophilin A	1.4	29.0
Caveolin-1	1.4	26.6
MAP3K8/COT1	1.3	26.5
Receptor interacting protein 140 [RIP 140]	1.3	24.6
Haptoglobin	1.0	31.2
SIRT1/sirtuin1	1.0	27.1
CD14 tv1	1.0	26.0
IL-1 Ra	1.0	33.3
Leucine-rich protein PPR [LRP130]	0.87	27.0
NFKB1 [p50]	0.81	33.0
$\beta$ 2 adrenergic receptor	0.76	25.8
Hypoxia inducible factor 1 $\alpha$ [HIF-1 $\alpha$ ]	0.71	27.4
CD 68	0.71	24.0
RAB6	0.66	25.0
Peroxisome proliferator activator receptor- $\gamma$ coactivator 1 $\alpha$ [PGC-1]	0.57	30.0
Apelin	0.57	33.1
MAP4K4 tv 2	0.57	29.2
Heme oxygenase-1 [HMOX-1]	0.57	24.4
Renin receptor	0.54	25.8
$\beta$ 1 adrenergic receptor	0.50	27.8
Resistin	0.33	33.6
mRNAs significantly enriched in nonfat cells
Endothelial nitric oxide synthase [eNOS]	0.44	30.2
PI-3 kinase catalytic subunit	0.38	27.2
Cathepsin S	0.38	31.4
NFKB p65	0.35	29.2
Mitochondrial superoxide dismutase-2 tv1 [SOD2]	0.35	21.0
Tumor necrosis factor-α receptor 2 [TNFR-2]	0.29	31.2
Nerve growth factor beta polypeptide [NGF]	0.29	31.5
Interleukin 10 [IL-10]	0.25	30.0
Visfatin/PBEF/Nampt	0.25	21.9
PR domain containing 16 [PRDM16] tv1	0.25	31.5
Tumor necrosis factor $\alpha$ [TNF$\alpha$]	0.25	30.5
Glycogen synthase kinase 3$\beta$	0.23	32.0
Interleukin 8 [IL-8]	0.20	23.6
Osteocalcin	0.20	30.2
$\alpha$1 glycoprotein	0.20	33.8
Complement C-3	0.19	25.9
Interleukin 1$\beta$ [IL-1$\beta$]	0.19	25.7
Prostaglandin D2 synthase [PGDS]	0.18	23.9
Tribbles 3 [TRB3]	0.18	30.6
Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 [PAI-1]	0.18	27.3
Bone morphogenetic protein 7 [BMP-7]	0.16	31.8
Intercellular adhesion molecule 1 [ICAM-1]	0.16	25.2
Cyclooxygenase 2 [COX-2]	0.15	27.4
RANTES	0.15	30.0
Angiotensin 1 converting enzyme [ACE]	0.15	31.0
Interleukin 6 [IL-6]	0.14	25.0
Endocannabinoid receptor 1	0.14	25.8
Collagen type VI/PBEF1$\alpha$3 tv1 [COL6-A3]	0.14	29.9
NADPH oxidase p${67}^{\text{phox}}$	0.13	30.5
TGF$\beta$-1	0.12	27.3
NADPH oxidase p${47}^{\text{phox}}$	0.12	32.4
Lipocalin 2	0.12	33.5
Butyrylcholinesterase	0.11	33.2
Angiotensin II receptor-1 tv1 [AT1R]	0.10	25.7
Omentin/intelectin	0.09	25.0
Monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 [MCP-1]	0.07	23.2
VEGF receptor [VEGFR/FLT1]	0.07	27.8
25-Hydoxyvitamin D3 1$\alpha$ hydroxylase [25D3-1$\alpha$]	0.06	26.8
Endothelin-1	0.06	27.8
Angiotensin II receptor-2 [AT2R]	0.06	33.1
Vaspin	0.06	28.1

Those in “bold” are the mRNAs significantly enriched in fat cells, “italic” those mRNAs present in both nonfat cells and fat cells to the same extent, and “normal text” those mRNAs significantly enriched in nonfat cells. The data are based on quantitative PCR analysis of mRNA expression [14, 82, 83]. The ratios were derived from the log₂ $\mathrm{\Delta }\mathrm{\Delta }$Cp of the $\mathrm{\Delta }$Cp (crossing point) for each mRNA, except cyclophilin, of the nonfat cells (pooled undigested tissue + SV fractions) obtained by collagenase digestion of human omental adipose tissue subtracted from the $\mathrm{\Delta }$Cp values of fat cells isolated from the same tissue. The ratio for cyclophilin is based on log₂ of the $\mathrm{\Delta }$Cp values for cyclophilin. A ratio above 1 means that the amount of mRNA is greater in the fat cells than in the nonfat cells. The values are shown as the means $\pm$ SEM of 4 to 21 paired experiments comparing nonfat cells to fat cells derived from the same individual. Tv1 or 2 stands for transcript variant 1 or 2. The data are from Fain et al. [82, 83] or from unpublished data.