Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor: Critical Role in Obesity, Insulin Resistance, and Associated Comorbidities

Table 2

Relationship between plasma MIF concentrations, glucose intolerance, and T2D. The table provides the type of subjects (study groups), the number of subjects per study group, and the plasma/serum MIF concentration together with the major effects. IGT: impaired glucose tolerance; PDR: proliferative diabetic retinopathy; ND: not determined.

Study groups	$n$	MIF conc (ng/mL)	Effect observed	Reference
Control	79	5.2	MIF is elevated in T2D subjects	[24]
T2D	79	20.7
Caucasians	24	$<$5.0 in 100%	Fasting MIF conc. are higher in Pima Indians	[25]
Pima Indians	28	$>$5.0 in 39%
Normoglycemic	244	4.97	Positive association of MIF with IGT and T2D independent of CRP and IL-6	[26]
IGT	242	7.95
T2D	236	10.96
Noncases controls	1632	17.7	Females with MIF genotype rs1007888CC have increased risk of T2D	[16]
Future T2D	502	18.5
Control	257	5.8	Identification of MIF as a novel immune marker to predict progression from IGT to T2D	[27]
Lifestyle intervention	265	6.2
Control	6	ND	Increased kidney CD74 expression	[28]
Diabetic nephropathy	20
Control	39	1.8	Increased MIF levels in vitreous of patients with PDR	[29]
PDR	32	11.9
Nondiabetics	24	1.1	Increased MIF levels in patients with retinopathy	[30]
PDR	40	6.3
Control diabetics	140	4.3	Higher MIF levels in diabetics with ulcer	[31]
Diabetics with ulcer	170	7.7