Scorpion Venom and the Inflammatory Response

Table 4

Pro- and Anti-inflammatory cytokines.

Proinflammatory	Principal cells source	Biological activities
IL-1$\alpha$ and IL-1$\beta$	Macrophages and APC	Costimulation of APC and T cells inflammation and fever, acute phase reaction hematopoiesis.
IL-2	Activated Th1 and NK cells	Proliferation of B cells and activated T cells, NK functions.
IL-6	Activated Th2 cells, APC, other somatic cells	Acute phase reaction, thrombopoiesis, B cell proliferation, synergistic with IL-1 and TNF on T cells.
IL-8	Macrophages, other somatic cells	Chemoattractant for neutrophils and T cells.
TNF-$\alpha$	Monocytes and macrophages	Wide ranging biological effects on lipid metabolism, coagulation and endothelial function. Induces inflammation and fever acute phase reaction, weight loss and antitumoral effects.
IFN-γ	Activated Th1 and NK cells	Induces of class I MHC on all somatic cells, induces class II MHC, an APC and somatic cells, activates macrophages, neutrophils, NK cells, promotes cell-mediated immunity antiviral effects.
Anti-inflammatory
IL-4	Th2 and mast cells	B cell profileration, eosinophil and mast cell growth and function, IgE and class II MHC expression on B cells, inhibition of monokine production.
IL-10	Macrophages and lymphocytes	Exerts its anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting TNF-induced NFkB activation.