Cigarette Smoke and Inflammation: Role in Cerebral Aneurysm Formation and Rupture

Table 1

Summary of major pathways and inflammatory mediators affected by cigarette smoke exposure and involved in aneurysm formation.

Major pathways	Major inflammatory mediators
Atherosclerosis	Oxidized LDL
	NO
	MCP1
	IL1β
	ROS
	TNFα
	IL1β, IL-6
	Growth factors
	Selectins and adhesion molecules
Hemodynamic stress (cerebral vasoconstriction, increased blood viscosity, and volume)	eNOS
	Endothelin type B receptors
	NF-κB
Endothelial dysfunction	NO
	ROS
	CRP
	Angiotensin
	eNOS
	iNOS
	Several chemokines and cytokines
	STAT3
VSMC proinflammatory, promatrix remodeling phenotypic modulation, apoptotic cell death	NF-κB
	KLF4
	Calcium channels
Chronic inflammatory reaction, vessel wall remodeling and damage, apoptotic cell death	IL-1β, TNFα, and IL-6
	NF-κB
	MMP and TIMP
	MCP-1
	MAPK
	ROS
	NO