Urinary Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor Serves as a Potential Biomarker for Acute Kidney Injury in Patients with Acute Pyelonephritis

Table 3

Subgroup analysis of urinary MIF levels between APN patients with diabetes, renal dysfunction, or microbiological analysis.

Clinical characteristics of APN patients	Number of cases	Without AKI	With AKI	P value
Gram-negative bacteria^a	36	4.4 ± 3.5	16.5 ± 13.8	0.011
E. coli	27	4.0 ± 3.4	15.2 ± 11.6	0.013
Diabetes mellitus	19	4.1 ± 4.1	15.2 ± 8.7	0.024
Renal dysfunction on arrival^b	21	2.9 ± 2.4	17.0 ± 13.2	0.002

Urinary MIF levels (ng/mg) are expressed as the mean ± SD. AKI: acute kidney injury; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate.
^aThe bacterial pathogens of APN were identified and proven as Gram-negative bacteria.
^bThe patients who presented with renal dysfunction (defined as eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 cm²) upon arrival at our emergency department were included.