Heat Shock Proteins in Tendinopathy: Novel Molecular Regulators

Table 1

Key pathological features of tendinopathy.

Findings	Macroscopic	Light microscopy	Ultrasound findings
Normal tendon	(i) Brilliant white; (ii) Firm Fibroelastic texture	(i) Organised parallel collagen bundles; (ii) Spindle-shaped tenocyte nuclei; (iii) Parallel nuclei alignment	(i) Regular uniform fibre structure; (ii) Parallel hyperechoic features
Tendinopathy	(i) Grey or brown; (ii) Thin tissue, fragile, and disorganised; (iii) Loose texture	(i) Disorganised collagen bundles; (ii) Round dark stained tenocyte nuclei; (iii) Increased number of nuclei with loss of parallel arrangement; (iv) Mucoid degeneration and vacuoles; (v) Increase of vascular and nerve ingrowth; (vi) Increased ground substance and GAG	(i) Local hypoechoic areas; (ii) Irregular fibre structure; (iii) Neovascularisation on power doppler; (iv) Widening of tendon