Implication of Low HDL-c Levels in Patients with Average LDL-c Levels: A Focus on Oxidized LDL, Large HDL Subpopulation, and Adiponectin
Table 2
Lipid profile and markers of inflammation, angiogenesis, and endothelial lesion of the study groups.
Parameters
Control group
Patients group
Normal-HDL ()
Low-HDL ()
Normal-HDL ()
Low-HDL ()
Lipid profile
Total-c (mmol/L)
5.67 ± 0.92 [5.41–5.93]
5.17 ± 0.83 [4.80–5.53]
0.030
4.88 ± 1.07 [4.68–5.07]
5.13 ± 1.14 [4.81–5.46]
0.175
TGs (mmol/L)
1.07 ± 0.37 [0.96–1.17]
1.47 ± 0.50 [1.25–1.69]
0.000
1.24 ± 0.84 (0.90)
2.32 ± 1.31 (2.24)
0.000
Total HDL-c (mmol/L)
1.58 ± 0.30 [1.49–1.66]
1.10 ± 0.16 [10.3–1.17]
0.000
1.48 ± 0.30 [1.42–1.53]
1.01 ± 0.17 [0.97–1.06]
0.000
Large HDL-c (%)
34.7 ± 14.4 (13.1)
31.5 ± 11.3 (11.4)
0.176
35.1 ± 11.8 [32.9–37.2]
27.5 ± 11.1 [24.3–30.6]
0.000
Interm HDL-c (%)
46.5 ± 7.6 (6.9)
48.3 ± 5.6 (7.1)
0.133
45.4 ± 6.3 (8.1)
48.7 ± 7.1 (6.4)
0.000
Small HDL-c (%)
18.2 ± 9.00 [15.7–20.7]
18.5 ± 7.9 [15.0–22.0]
0.886
19.8 ± 8.2 [18.3–21.3]
24.5 ± 11.9 [21.2–27.9]
0.001
LDL-c (mmol/L)
3.60 ± 0.90 [3.35–3.85]
3.40 ± 0.80 [3.04–3.75]
0.359
2.74 ± 0.95 [2.56–2.91]
3.02 ± 1.00 [2.73–3.31]
0.096
Ox-LDL (U/L)
45.7 ± 18.7 [40.4–51.1]
39.2 ± 11.5 [34.1–44.3]
0.202
35.7 ± 12.7 [33.2–38.2]
40.1 ± 14.2 [35.6–44.5]
0.043
Ox-LDL/LDL-c
12.6 ± 3.9 [11.5–13.8]
11.7 ± 3.0 [10.4–13.1]
0.344
13.1 ± 3.5 [12.4–13.8]
14.00 ± 4.1 [12.7–15.3]
0.300
Non-HDL-c (mmol/L)
4.10 ± 0.94 [3.83–4.36]
4.07 ± 0.83 [3.70–4.44]
0.915
3.40 ± 1.08 [3.21–3.60]
4.12 ± 1.11 [3.80–4.44]
0.000
Total-c/HDL-c
3.72 ± 0.91 [3.47–3.98]
4.81 ± 1.07 [4.33–5.28]
0.000
3.42 ± 0.96 [3.25–3.60]
5.18 ± 1.34 [4.80–5.56]
0.000
LDL-c/HDL-c
2.39 ± 0.80 [2.16–2.61]
3.17 ± 0.96 [2.74–3.59]
0.001
1.94 ± 0.80 [1.79–2.08]
3.04 ± 1.16 [2.70–3.38]
0.000
PON1 activity
505 ± 131 [469–542]
443 ± 109 [394–491]
0.042
494 ± 173 [462–525]
510 ± 236 [443–578]
0.774
Markers of inflammation, angiogenesis, and endothelial lesion
hsCRP (µg/mL)
0.25 ± 0.36 [0.13–0.37]
0.37 ± 0.44 [0.11–0.64]
0.103
0.22 ± 0.54 (0.41)
0.50 ± 0.56 (0.71)
0.034
TNF- (pg/mL)
3.56 ± 3.23 [2.65–4.48]
3.29 ± 3.35 [1.80–4.78]
0.880
3.12 ± 2.69 [2.59–3.66]
3.28 ± 2.53 [2.49–4.07]
0.560
Adiponectin (µg/mL)
10.8 ± 6.9 [8.9–12.8]
8.0 ± 5.5 [5.6–10.5]
0.069
8.9 ± 6.6 [7.6–10.2]
7.1 ± 5.6 [5.3–8.9]
0.041
Uric acid (mmol/L)
0.32 ± 0.09 [0.30–0.35]
0.29 ± 0.10 [0.24–0.35]
0.283
0.36 ± 0.38 (0.44)
0.40 ± 0.39 (0.59)
0.539
VEGF (pg/mL)
385 ± 388 [274–497]
408 ± 329 [262–554]
0.531
405 ± 295 [346–464]
520 ± 321 [420–620]
0.019
iCAM-1 (ng/mL)
413 ± 318 (160)
486 ± 586 (176)
0.122
572 ± 216 [512–631]
471 ± 137 [411–532]
0.070
Results are presented as mean ± SD, lower and upper bound 95% confidence interval for mean, and values obtained using independent samples -test in the normal distribution samples and as median ± SD, interquartile range, and values obtained using Mann-Whitney test in the non-normal distribution samples. CRP: C-reactive protein; HDL-c: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; iCAM-1: intercellular adhesion molecule 1; LDL-c: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; Ox-LDL: oxidized low-density lipoprotein; TGs: triglycerides; TNF-: tumour necrosis factor alpha; Total-c: total cholesterol; VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor.
