|
| Adipocytokine | Model | Finding(s) | Authors |
|
|
Adiponectin | Human (synovial tissue) | Strongly expressed in synovium and adipose tissue
Stimulates the release of IL-6 and pro-MMP-1 by RASF | Ehling et al. [62] |
| Human (serum) | Levels significantly higher in patients with severe disease evaluated by radiographic changes | Ebina et al. [77] |
| Human (SF, synovial tissue) | Levels in SF significantly higher than in OA patients
Stimulates the production of proinflammatory mediators by RASF at the same level as IL-1β | Choi et al. [65] |
| Human (serum) | Association of serum levels with radiographic progression (stronger in patients with longer disease duration)
Levels decreased as visceral fat area increased | Giles et al. [85] |
| Human (plasma) | Higher levels compared to healthy controls
No difference in patients with early and chronic disease | Laurberg et al. [84] |
| Human (synovial tissue) | Induces gene expression and synthesis of proinflammatory mediators in RASF, lymphocytes, endothelial cells, chondrocytes | Frommer et al. [64] |
| Human (serum) | Association of average levels with radiographic progression, especially in certain subgroups (women, BMI < 30 kg/m2, baseline biological drugs) | Giles et al. [78] |
| Human (serum) | Association with proinflammatory cytokines
Levels positively associated with radiographic progression over 4 years
Negative correlation with BMI | Klein-Wieringa et al. [79] |
| Human (synovial tissue) | Secretion of proinflammatory mediators mostly induced by HMW/MMW-enriched adiponectin, weakest response seen with trimeric form | Frommer et al. [32] |
|
Leptin | Human (serum) | Levels not different from those in healthy controls
Positive correlation with percent body fat in patients and controls | Anders et al. [88] |
| Human (serum) | Levels higher than controls | Salazar-Páramo et al. [92] |
| Murine (synovial tissue, serum) | Less severe arthritis and lower mRNA levels of proinflammatory cytokines in leptin-deficient mice | Busso et al. [67] |
| Human (plasma, SF) | Plasma levels higher than controls
Plasma levels higher than matched SF
MTX treatment associated with high plasma levels | Bokarewa et al. [93] |
| Human (plasma) | Levels not different from those in healthy subjects
Levels inversely correlated with CRP and IL-6 levels at baseline and not modified after a short-course of anti-TNF treatment | Popa et al. [89] |
| Human (serum) | Tendency to higher levels than controls
Strong correlation with fat mass | Toussirot et al. [94] |
| Human (plasma) | Levels higher than controls
Positive correlation with CRP | Otero et al. [55] |
| Human (plasma, SF) | Plasma levels not different from those in healthy controls
Positive correlation of plasma levels with BMI in patients and controls
No correlation of plasma and SF levels with disease activity | Hizmetli et al. [90] |
| Human (serum) | Levels not different from those in OA patients
Positive correlation between serum levels and BMI
No correlation between serum levels and disease activity | Wisłowska et al. [91] |
| Human (serum) | Higher mean levels in patients with high activity
Levels significantly correlated with disease activity | Lee et al. [56] |
| Human (serum) | Levels higher than controls
Positive correlation between serum levels and BMI | Rho et al. [95] |
| Human (serum) | No association with radiographic progression | Giles et al. [78, 85] |
| Human (serum) | Association with higher insulin resistance
Increasing concentrations attenuated the increased risk of coronary calcification related to insulin resistance | Rho et al. [99] |
| Human (serum) | Positive correlation with BMI
No association with radiographic progression | Klein-Wieringa et al. [79] |
| | Human (serum, SF) | Serum levels and synovial/serum ratio higher than controls
Synovial leptin and synovial/serum leptin ratio in patients with effusion significantly higher than in control subjects with traumatic effusion
Serum levels in patients with effusion higher than matched synovial levels
Serum levels and synovial/serum ratio significantly correlated with disease activity | Olama et al. [96] |
|
|
Resistin | Murine (synovial tissue)
Human (PBMCs, SF) | Induces an RA-like inflammatory destructive polyarthropathy
Marked induction in PBMCs and SF cells of the genes for proinflammatory cytokines
Levels in SF higher than matched circulating levels | Bokarewa et al. [69] |
| Human (serum) | No association with radiographic progression | Giles et al. [78, 85] |
| Human (serum) | Positive correlation with BMI
Association with proinflammatory cytokines | Klein-Wieringa et al. [79] |
|
| Visfatin | Human (serum) | Positive correlation with IL-6 and TNF
Levels significantly higher in ACPA-positive patients
Associated with radiographic progression over 4 years | Klein-Wieringa et al. [79] |
|
