Rheumatic Diseases and Obesity: Adipocytokines as Potential Comorbidity Biomarkers for Cardiovascular Diseases

Table 3

Overview of main experimental and clinical data on adipocytokines in OA.

Adipocytokine	Model	Finding(s)	Authors
Adiponectin	Human (synovial tissue)	Strongly expressed in synovium and adipose tissue; Stimulates the release of IL-6 and pro-MMP-1 by synovial fibrobasts	Ehling et al. [62]
	Human (plasma, SF, synovial tissue)	Percentage of HMW adiponectinin SF lower than in plasma, while that of the hexamer form similar and the trimer form higher; Up-regulation of tissue TIMP-2 and down-regulation of IL-1𝛽-induced MMP-13 in chondrocytes	Chen et al. [113]
	Murine (chondrocytes)	Induces proinflammatory and prodegradative mediators in murine chondrogenic cell lines	Lago et al. [112]
	Human (plasma)	Higher levels than RA patients and healthy controls	Laurberg et al. [84]
	Human (serum)	Higher levels in female patients with erosive than in those with nonerosive disease	Filková et al. [124]
	Human (synovial tissue)	Expression levels of AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 significantly higher in lesional than in nonlesional cartilage; Stimulates the release of nitric oxide, MMP-1, -3, and -13 by chondrocytes	Kang et al. [111]
	Human (plasma, SF)	Levels in plasma higher with respect to matched SF; Levels in plasma and SF inversely correlated with disease severity	Honsawek and Chayanupatkul [122]
	Human (synovial tissue)	Induces gene expression and synthesis of proinflammatory mediators in fibroblasts to a lesser extent than RASF (adiponectin isoforms)	Frommer et al. [32, 64]
	Human (plasma, cartilage tissue)	Plasma levels and release from cartilage higher in patients with severe disease; Plasma levels positively correlated with biomarkers of OA	Koskinen et al. [125]
	Human (serum)	Mean level significantly lower in patients with progression compared with those without progression	Yusuf et al. [123]
	Human (serum)	No difference in levels in patients with radiographic and nonradiographic OA	Choe et al. [126]
	Human (serum)	Higher levels in patients as compared to controls; Association of serum levels with female gender and BMI	de Boer et al. [127]
Leptin	Human (serum)	Positive correlation between serum levels and BMI; No correlation between serum levels and visual analogue pain scale for the lower-limb afflicted patients and stage of disease	Wisłowska et al. [91]
	Human (SF)	Median concentrations significantly higher in patients compared to controls; Positive correlation between SF levels and severity of disease	Ku et al. [120]
	Human (serum)	Association with increased levels of bone formation biomarkers	Berry et al. [119]
	Human (serum)	Mean level slightly higher in patients with progression compared with those without progression	Yusuf et al. [123]
	Human (serum)	Higher levels in patients as compared to controls; Association of serum levels with female gender and BMI	de Boer et al. [127]
	Human (cultured chondrocytes)	Stimulates MMP expression in chondrocytes cultured with WAT-conditioned media	Hui et al. [106]
	Human (serum)	Association with prevalent and incident OA	Karvonen-Gutierrez et al. [121]
Resistin	Human (synovial tissue); Mouse (cartilage explants)	Expressed at the same extent of healthy controls; Incubation with the conditioned media from monocytes treated with recombinant human resistin caused a dose-dependent proteoglycan release	Lee et al. [116]
	Human (serum)	Mean level not different in patients with progression and those without progression	Yusuf et al. [123]
	Human (serum)	Higher levels in patients with radiographic subchondral erosions than in nonradiographic OA; Resistin-treated cartilage released proinflammatory mediators	Choe et al. [126]
	Human (serum)	Higher levels in patients as compared to controls	de Boer et al. [127]

MMP: matrix metalloproteinase; HMW: high molecular weight; SF: synovial fluid; TIMP-2: tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2; RA: rheumatoid arthritis; RASF: rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts; OA: osteoarthritis; BMI: body mass index; WAT: white adipose tissue.