Mediators of Inflammation

Clinical Study

Inflammation, Haemostatic Disturbance, and Obesity: Possible Link to Pathogenesis of Diabetic Retinopathy in Type 2 Diabetes

Table 4

Odds ratios (95% CIs) for diabetic retinopathy associated with basic characteristics, inflammatory and haemostatic markers, other markers of endothelial dysfunction, and anthropometric and clinical parameters in type 2 diabetic patients ().


	OR	95% CI (OR)	AOR*	95% CI (AOR)

Diabetes duration (years)	1.17	1.08–1.27	1.2	1.1–1.32
Therapy (insulin)	3.34	1.38–8.09	3.28	1.34–8.02
C-reactive protein (CRP)	1.07	0.98–1.18	1.08	0.99–1.18
Fibrinogen	1.01	0.74–1.38	0.99	0.71–1.37
HbA₁c	1.18	0.83–1.68	1.23	0.85–1.77
HbA₁c_median	1.76	1.08–2.86	1.84	1.10–3.06
Total cholesterol	1.01	0.68–1.51	1.03	0.68–1.57
Triglycerides	0.89	0.69–1.13	0.90	0.70–1.15
Body mass index (BMI)	0.99	0.93–1.06	0.99	0.92–1.07
Waist circumference (WC)	1.00	0.97–1.03	1.01	0.98–1.04
Waist-to-hip ratio (WHR)	1.34	0.01–185.05	7.42	0.14–3806.64
Systolic blood pressure	1.02	1.00–1.03	1.02	1.00–1.04
Diastolic blood pressure	0.98	0.95–1.01	0.98	0.95–1.02

Bold: statistically significant , *OR adjusted for age and sex.
HbA₁c: glycated hemoglobin value determined at the beginning of the study from a single venous blood sample; HbA₁c_median: glycated hemoglobin value obtained by statistical analysis of data from the National Registry for Diabetes (CroDiabNet).