Possible Involvement of TLRs and Hemichannels in Stress-Induced CNS Dysfunction via Mastocytes, and Glia Activation
Figure 2
Model of the involvement of mastocytes and microglia in neuroinflammatory responses and potentiation of their responses by stress. Stress increases the levels of CRH and glucocorticoids which are critical players in stress-induced mastocytes (M) degranulation and potentiation of glial inflammatory responses (sensibilization). Furthermore, perinatal infections, particularly those of viral etiology (poly (I:C)), are frequent and have been associated with diverse alterations of CNS. Mastocytes and microglia (MΦ) express toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3). Activated microglia and mastocytes increase the hemichannel activity in reactive astrocytes (A) and oligodendrocytes (O). Both activated microglia and astrocytes release ATP and glutamate that induce neurodegeneration through the activation of P2X7 receptors and Panx1 channels in neurons (N) (neurodegeneration) (modified from Orellana et al., 2011) [125].
